Feeding flaxseed to sows during late-gestation and lactation affects mammary development but not mammary expression of selected genes in their offspring

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farmer ◽  
M. F. Palin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Mammary Gland Expression

Mammary gland composition and mammary gene expression were measured in pubertal gilts whose dam were fed a control (CTL) diet or a diet with a 10% supplement of flaxseed (FS) during late-gestation and throughout lactation. Parenchymal weight expressed as a percentage of body weight tended to be greater in offspring from FS compared with CTL sows (P < 0.1) and to contain less fat (P < 0.1). Offspring from FS sows had more parenchymal protein, whether expressed as a percentage (P < 0.05) or total amount in tissue (P ≤ 0.05), than offspring from CTL sows. No changes (P > 0.1) in mammary gland expression of the studied genes were observed with dietary treatment. Key words: Flaxseed, gene expression, gestation, mammary development, offspring, porcine

Uteroplacental insufficiency alters the mammary gland response to lactogenic hormones in vitro

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael O'Dowd ◽  
Mary E. Wlodek ◽  
Kevin R. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Sham Surgery ◽  
Uterine Vessel ◽  
Lactogenic Hormones ◽  
Vessel Ligation

Adequate mammary development and coordinated actions of lactogenic hormones are essential for the initiation of lactation. Pregnancies compromised by uteroplacental insufficiency impair mammary development and lactation, further slowing postnatal growth. It is not known whether the initiation of lactation or galactopoesis is compromised. Uteroplacental insufficiency induced in rats by bilateral uterine vessel ligation (Restricted) or sham surgery (Control) on Day 18 of gestation preceded collection of mammary tissue on Day 20 of pregnancy. Mammary explants were cultured with combinations of insulin, cortisol and prolactin and analysed for α-lactalbumin and β-casein gene expression. Mammary tissue from late pregnant Restricted rats had elevated α-lactalbumin, but not β-casein, mRNA, which is consistent with premature lactogenesis resulting from an early decline in peripheral maternal progesterone. Explants from Restricted rats were more responsive to hormone stimulation after 3 days in culture, indicating that compromised galactopoesis, not lactogenesis, most likely leads to the reduced growth of suckled pups.

scholarly journals Lasting Effects on Body Weight and Mammary Gland Gene Expression in Female Mice upon Early Life Exposure to n-3 but Not n-6 High-Fat Diets

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e55603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjam Luijten ◽  
Amar V. Singh ◽  
Caleb A. Bastian ◽  
Anja Westerman ◽  
M. Michele Pisano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Early Life ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

scholarly journals Food intake dependent and independent effects of heat stress on lactation and mammary gland development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Jason M. Kronenfeld ◽  
Benjamin J. Renquist
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Gland Development

ABSTRACTWith a growing population, a reliable food supply is increasingly important. Heat stress reduces livestock meat and milk production. Genetic selection of high producing animals increases endogenous heat production, while climate change increases exogenous heat exposure. Both sources of heat exacerbate the risk of heat-induced depression of production. Rodents are valuable models to understand mechanisms conserved across species. Heat exposure suppresses feed intake across homeothermic species including rodents and production animal species. We assessed the response to early-mid lactation or late gestation heat exposure on milk production and mammary gland development/function, respectively. Using pair-fed controls we experimentally isolated the food intake dependent and independent effects of heat stress on mammary function and mass. Heat exposure (35°C, relative humidity 50%) decreased daily food intake. When heat exposure occurred during lactation, hypophagia accounted for approximately 50% of the heat stress induced hypogalactia. Heat exposure during middle to late gestation suppressed food intake, which was fully responsible for the lowered mammary gland weight of dams at parturition. However, the impaired mammary gland function in heat exposed dams measured by metabolic rate and lactogenesis could not be explained by depressed food consumption. In conclusion, mice recapitulate the depressed milk production and mammary gland development observed in dairy species while providing insight regarding the role of food intake. This opens the potential to apply genetic, experimental and pharmacological models unique to mice to identify the mechanism by which heat is limiting animal production.Summary StatementsThis study demonstrates that heat stress decreases lactation and mammary development through food intake dependent and independent mechanisms.

scholarly journals 76 Does supplemental protein and rumen-protected methionine improve performance and digestibility during late-gestation in beef cows?

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 75-75
Author(s):  
Madeline M Collins ◽  
Michaela K S Lievre ◽  
Kaitlyn V J Lawson ◽  
Ira B Mandell ◽  
Anna-Kate Shoveller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Cow Performance ◽  
Supplemental Protein

Abstract Methionine (MET) is likely the first limiting amino acid in low-protein forages fed to beef cattle during late-gestation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if supplemental protein and rumen-protected MET improve cow performance and apparent tract digestibility (TTD) during late-gestation. This study used 147 late-gestation Angus crossbred cows and heifers in a 3x2 factorial arrangement for dietary treatments. The cattle were randomly assigned to one of six diets formulated to 90, 100 or 110% of metabolizable protein (MP) requirements (NRC, 2016), with (without) 9 g/d of rumen-protected MET (MetaSmart, Adisseo Inc.). These diets were fed for approximately 8 wks before calving. All data was analyzed as a randomized block design using SAS 9.4 PROC GLIMMIX procedure. Cows fed at 90% MP requirements lost body weight (BW), while cows fed at 100% and 110% MP requirements maintained and (or) gained BW over the trial (P = 0.02). Similarly, cows fed at 90% MP requirements lost more pregnancy corrected BW than cows fed at 100% and 110% MP requirements (P = 0.01). However, supplemental MET did not affect body weight gains (P &gt; 0.07). Cows and heifers fed at 90% MP requirements had reduced TTD for crude protein compared to cattle fed to 110% MP requirements (P &lt; 0.001), MET supplementation did not impact TTD (P &gt; 0.20). Additionally, cattle fed at 90% MP requirements had increased serum cholesterol and reduced urea concentrations compared to cows fed to 100% and 110% MP requirements (P &lt; 0.0001). MET supplementation increased serum concentrations for glucose, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, serine, threonine and valine (P &lt; 0.02). Calf birth weights were not significantly impacted by dietary treatment (P &gt; 0.31). Feeding cows above their MP requirements may improve late-gestation performance and CP digestibility. Supplemental MET may increase amino acid utilization but did not improve beef cow performance or digestibility parameters measured in late-gestation.

Plane of nutrition and folic acid supplementation between birth and four months of age on mammary development of dairy heifers

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Petitclerc ◽  
P. Dumoulin ◽  
H. Ringuet ◽  
J. Matte ◽  
C. Girard
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Folic Acid Supplementation ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Acid Supplementation ◽  
Parenchymal Tissue ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Ad Libitum

Forty-seven dairy heifers of approximately 10 d of age were assigned randomly to a 2 × 2 factorial design to study the effects of folic acid supplementation (0 vs. 40 mg) administered weekly i.m. and levels of feed intake after weaning on mammary development. Folic acid treatment started immediately and all heifers were weaned 5 wk later. Heifers were then either fed ad libitum grass hay and concentrates or restricted to a body weight gain of approximately 700 g d−1 until slaughter at 4 mo of age. Average daily gain was affected by feed intake level after weaning (615 vs. 954 g d−1P < 0.01); however, folic acid supplementation increased weight gain only during the 5-wk period following weaning (P < 0.05). Heifers fed ad libitum were 33% heavier before slaughter (P < 0.001) but there was no effect due to folic acid supplementation (P > 0.05). There was no effect of treatments on serum prolactin and growth hormone concentrations (P > 0.05); overall, prolactin increased and growth hormone decreased over the 16-wk sampling period. However, serum IGF-1 concentrations were significantly higher in heifers fed ad libitum following weaning as compared with the feed-restricted animals (P < 0.001); overall, IGF-1 concentrations increased linearly between weeks 2 and 16 (P < 0.001). Plane of nutrition did not have any effect (P > 0.05) on the total volume of parenchymal tissue in the mammary gland (61.6 vs. 63.6 cm3); however, ad libitum feeding increased significantly (P < 0.001) the volume of extraparenchymal tissue in the gland (262.0 vs. 1067.6 cm3). After adjusting data for the difference in body weight at slaughter, the amount of parenchymal tissue was smaller in animals fed ad libitum (P < 0.05); this adjustment did not change the effect of plane of nutrition on mammary extraparenchymal tissue. In conclusion, a fast rate of gain after weaning up to 4 mo of age induced a large accumulation of mammary fat, but did not negatively affect the total amount of parenchymal tissue in the mammary gland of dairy heifers. Key words: Plane of nutrition, folic acid, mammary gland, IGF-1

Identification of estrogen-responsive genes in the parenchyma and fat pad of the bovine mammary gland by microarray analysis

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Li ◽  
Matthew J. Meyer ◽  
Curtis. P. Van Tassell ◽  
Tad S. Sonstegard ◽  
Erin E. Connor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Consensus Sequences

Identification of estrogen-responsive genes is an essential step toward understanding mechanisms of estrogen action during mammary gland development. To identify these genes, 16 prepubertal heifers were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment, with ovarian status (intact or ovariectomized) as the first factor and estrogen treatment as the second (control or estradiol). Heifers were ovariectomized at ∼4.5 mo of age, and estrogen treatments were initiated 1 mo later. After 3 days of treatment, gene expression was analyzed in the parenchyma and fat pad of the bovine mammary gland using a high-density oligonucleotide microarray. Oligonucelotide probes represented 40,808 tentative consensus sequences from TIGR Bos taurus Gene Index and 4,575 singleton expressed sequence tags derived from libraries of pooled mammary gland and gut tissues. Microarray data were analyzed by use of the SAS mixed procedure, with an experiment-wide permutation-based significance level of P < 0.1. Considerable differences in basal gene expression were noted between mammary parenchyma and fat pad. A total of 124 estrogen-responsive genes were identified, with most responding only in the parenchyma or the fat pad. The majority of genes identified were not previously reported to be estrogen responsive. These undoubtedly include genes that are regulated indirectly but also include known estrogen-targeted genes and novel genes with potential estrogen-responsive elements in their promoter regions. The distinctive expression patterns regulated by estrogen in parenchyma and fat pad shed light on the need for both tissues to obtain normal mammary development.

Mammary gland development of sows injected with growth hormone-releasing factor during gestation and(or) lactation

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farmer ◽  
G. Pelletier ◽  
P. Brazeau ◽  
D. Petitclerc
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Growth Hormone Releasing Factor ◽  
Mammary Cell ◽  
Gland Development

Twenty-four gilts received s.c. injections of saline or growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) in late gestation and(or) lactation. Sows were sacrificed on day 30 of lactation and functional mammary glands were excised for chemical analyses. Weight of parenchymal (P = 0.004) and extra-parenchymal tissues (P = 0.002) were decreased with GRF injections during lactation. Parenchymal mass per milligram of DNA also decreased (P = 0.025) with GRF in lactation while parenchymal DNA concentration increased (P = 0.03). Exogenous GRF given to sows during lactation therefore decreased total parenchymal mass, increased cell density and decreased mammary cell size. Key words: Sow, mammary gland, growth hormone-releasing factor

scholarly journals 151 Effect of enhanced organic acid supplementation in late gestation and lactation of sows on body weight change, litter performance and wean to estrus interval

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 143-144
Author(s):  
Drew W Lugar ◽  
Shelby Ramirez ◽  
Justin Rickard ◽  
Jennifer Earing
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Body Weight Change ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Acid Formulation ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Overland Park

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of an enhanced organic acid formulation (EOA; Biotronic PX Top3; BIOMIN America Inc., Overland Park, KS) on sow farrowing and lactation performance, sow weight and backfat change, and wean to estrus interval. A total of 18 crossbred (Yorkshire x Chester White) sows were randomly allocated to one of two dietary treatments which consisted of control (CNT) and EOA supplemented (n = 9 per treatment). Treatment diets were fed to sows from d 90 of gestation until weaning. Sow body weight gain from d 90 of gestation through weaning was greater in EOA supplemented sows compared than CNT sows (30.9 vs 18.1 ± 2.3 kg, respectively; P = 0.010). Backfat from d 90 of gestation through weaning tended to be affected by dietary treatment (P = 0.051), where EOA supplemented sows had an increase in backfat compared to CNT sows which had a decrease in backfat (0.091 vs. -0.046 ± 0.037 cm, respectively). Total number of pigs born was greater for EOA sows compared to CNT sows (13.1 vs. 8.7 ± 1.1 piglets, respectively; P = 0.047). However, number of liveborn, stillborn, and mummified piglets did not differ among dietary treatments (P ≥ 0.207). Additionally, litter growth rate did not differ among dietary treatments (P = 0.631). Wean to estrus interval was longer for EOA sows compared to CNT sows (5.4 vs. 4.7 ± 0.1 days, respectively; P = 0.008). The present results indicate that addition of this EOA to sow diets in gestation and lactation may be beneficial to maintaining sow body condition.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis reveals disruption of circadian rhythms in late gestation dairy cows may increase risk for fatty liver and reduced mammary remodeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Casey ◽  
Aridany M Suarez-Trujillo ◽  
Conor McCabe ◽  
Linda Beckett ◽  
Rebecca Klopp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Bovine Genome ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Circadian Disruption ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Increase Risk

Circadian disruption increased insulin resistance and decreased mammary development in late gestation, non-lactating (dry) cows. The objective was to measure the effect of circadian disruption on transcriptomes of the liver and mammary gland. At 35 d before expected calving (BEC) multiparous dry cows were assigned to either control (CON) or phase-shifted treatments (PS). CON was exposed to 16 h light and 8 h of dark. PS was exposed to 16 h light to 8 h dark, but phase of the light-dark cycle was shifted 6 h every 3 d. On d 21 BEC, liver and mammary were biopsied. RNA was isolated (n=6 CON, n=6 PS per tissue), libraries prepared and sequenced using paired end reads. Reads mapping to bovine genome averaged 27 M ± 2 M, and aligned to 14,222 protein coding genes in liver and 15,480 in mammary analysis. In the liver, 834 genes, and in the mammary gland, 862 genes were different (nominal P < 0.05) between PS and CON. In the liver, genes upregulated in PS functioned in cholesterol biosynthesis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, wound healing, and inflammation. Genes downregulated in liver function in cholesterol efflux. In the mammary gland, genes upregulated functioned in mRNA processing and transcription, downregulated genes encoded extracellular matrix proteins and proteases, cathepsins and lysosomal proteases, lipid transporters and regulated oxidative phosphorylation. Increased cholesterol synthesis and decreased efflux suggests circadian disruption potentially increases the risk of fatty liver in cows. Decreased remodeling and lipid transport in mammary may decrease milk production capacity during lactation.

Effects of fasting during mid pregnancy or early lactation on mammary development and milk yield in mice

1982 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Knight ◽  
Malcolm Peaker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Gland Weight ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Reduced Body

SUMMARYMice were fasted during pregnancy or early lactation and the effects on mammary development and milk yield studied on d 13 and d 18 of pregnancy and on d 7 of lactation. Fasting during pregnancy reduced body weight and mammary weight on d 13 of pregnancy but not on d 18. Mammary concentrations and total contents of DNA and RNA ([DNA], [RNA], DNAt, RNAt) were increased or unchanged on d 13 but significantly decreased on d 18. Fasting had no effect on fetal number or weight at either stage of pregnancy. Fasting on d 1 of lactation reduced mammary weight, DNAt and RNAt (but not [DNA] or [RNA]) and the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA on d 2 of lactation. Mammary gland weight and composition on d 7 of lactation were not significantly affected by fasting for 24 h on d 1 of lactation or for 40 h on d 11–13 of pregnancy, except that DNAt was decreased slightly by the latter treatment.Milk yield (litter weight gain) was depressed markedly during fasting on d 1 of lactation, but thereafter recovered so that it was the same as controls between d 3 and 13 of lactation; after d 13 it fell once more. A 40 h fast on d 11–13 of pregnancy had no effect on milk yield. Thus, although normal mammary development was inhibited by starvation, the gland was subsequently able to compensate so that milk yield was not reduced.

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