Identification of estrogen-responsive genes in the parenchyma and fat pad of the bovine mammary gland by microarray analysis

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Li ◽  
Matthew J. Meyer ◽  
Curtis. P. Van Tassell ◽  
Tad S. Sonstegard ◽  
Erin E. Connor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Consensus Sequences

Identification of estrogen-responsive genes is an essential step toward understanding mechanisms of estrogen action during mammary gland development. To identify these genes, 16 prepubertal heifers were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment, with ovarian status (intact or ovariectomized) as the first factor and estrogen treatment as the second (control or estradiol). Heifers were ovariectomized at ∼4.5 mo of age, and estrogen treatments were initiated 1 mo later. After 3 days of treatment, gene expression was analyzed in the parenchyma and fat pad of the bovine mammary gland using a high-density oligonucleotide microarray. Oligonucelotide probes represented 40,808 tentative consensus sequences from TIGR Bos taurus Gene Index and 4,575 singleton expressed sequence tags derived from libraries of pooled mammary gland and gut tissues. Microarray data were analyzed by use of the SAS mixed procedure, with an experiment-wide permutation-based significance level of P < 0.1. Considerable differences in basal gene expression were noted between mammary parenchyma and fat pad. A total of 124 estrogen-responsive genes were identified, with most responding only in the parenchyma or the fat pad. The majority of genes identified were not previously reported to be estrogen responsive. These undoubtedly include genes that are regulated indirectly but also include known estrogen-targeted genes and novel genes with potential estrogen-responsive elements in their promoter regions. The distinctive expression patterns regulated by estrogen in parenchyma and fat pad shed light on the need for both tissues to obtain normal mammary development.

Bovine mammary gene expression profiling using a cDNA microarray enhanced for mammary-specific transcripts

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Suchyta ◽  
Sue Sipkovsky ◽  
Robert G. Halgren ◽  
Rachael Kruska ◽  
Michael Elftman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Cdna Microarray ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Cell Cycle Regulators ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Pilot Studies

A cDNA microarray resource enhanced for transcripts specific to the bovine mammary gland (BMAM) has been developed and used in pilot studies to examine gene expression profiles in the mammary gland. One goal driving development of this resource was to shed some light on the pathways and mechanisms specifically related to bovine mammary gland growth and development. To accomplish this, gene expression patterns from bovine adipose, liver, adrenal, lymph, spleen, thymus, gut, and developing mammary tissue were compared using the BMAM microarray. We have thus identified a putative set of 16 genes being preferentially expressed in developing mammary gland. Another of our long-term goals is to elucidate the genes and pathways associated with bovine lactation and involution and to use these as a model for human mammary gland development as it relates to human breast cancer risks. To begin this process, we conducted a pilot study, comparing gene expression profiles of lactating bovine mammary tissue against nonlactating tissue on the BMAM microarray. Our results have yielded many novel and interesting genes exhibiting differential expression in lactating mammary tissue, including oncogenes (VAV3, C-myc), mediators of apoptosis (Caspase 8), and cell cycle regulators (LASP1).

scholarly journals MicroRNA expression patterns in the bovine mammary gland are affected by stage of lactation

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 6529-6535 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wang ◽  
S. Moisá ◽  
M.J. Khan ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
D. Bu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Microrna Expression ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Stage Of Lactation

Uteroplacental insufficiency alters the mammary gland response to lactogenic hormones in vitro

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael O'Dowd ◽  
Mary E. Wlodek ◽  
Kevin R. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Sham Surgery ◽  
Uterine Vessel ◽  
Lactogenic Hormones ◽  
Vessel Ligation

Adequate mammary development and coordinated actions of lactogenic hormones are essential for the initiation of lactation. Pregnancies compromised by uteroplacental insufficiency impair mammary development and lactation, further slowing postnatal growth. It is not known whether the initiation of lactation or galactopoesis is compromised. Uteroplacental insufficiency induced in rats by bilateral uterine vessel ligation (Restricted) or sham surgery (Control) on Day 18 of gestation preceded collection of mammary tissue on Day 20 of pregnancy. Mammary explants were cultured with combinations of insulin, cortisol and prolactin and analysed for α-lactalbumin and β-casein gene expression. Mammary tissue from late pregnant Restricted rats had elevated α-lactalbumin, but not β-casein, mRNA, which is consistent with premature lactogenesis resulting from an early decline in peripheral maternal progesterone. Explants from Restricted rats were more responsive to hormone stimulation after 3 days in culture, indicating that compromised galactopoesis, not lactogenesis, most likely leads to the reduced growth of suckled pups.

Gene expression and hormonal regulation of adiponectin and its receptors in bovine mammary gland and mammary epithelial cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihisa OHTANI ◽  
Tomo YONEZAWA ◽  
Sang-Houn SONG ◽  
Tatsuyuki TAKAHASHI ◽  
Astrid ARDIYANTI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland

scholarly journals Prolactin affects leptin action in the bovine mammary gland via the mammary fat pad

2006 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Feuermann ◽  
S J Mabjeesh ◽  
L Niv-Spector ◽  
D Levin ◽  
A Shamay
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Mammary Fat Pad ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning ◽  
Energy Consuming

One of the roles of the endocrine system is to synchronize mammary function. Hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin act directly on the mammary gland. Metabolic hormones, such as GH, glucocorticoids, insulin, and leptin are responsible for coordinating the body’s response to metabolic homeostasis. Leptin has been shown to be an important factor in regulating the metabolic adaptation of nutrient partitioning during the energy-consuming processes of lactation. In the present study, we show that leptin is secreted from the mammary fat, and is regulated by prolactin. The expression of α-casein in a co-culture of epithelial cells and fat explants was enhanced by prolactin compared with that in epithelial cells cultured alone. Leptin antagonist abolished the effect of leptin on α-casein expression in mammary gland explants when exogenous leptin was not present in the medium. This finding supports our hypothesis that the antagonist abolishes the action of endogenous leptin secreted by the mammary adipocytes. These results lead us to the hypothesis that prolactin and leptin act in the bovine mammary gland, via mammary fat pad/adipocytes.

scholarly journals The expression of the IGF family and GH receptor in the bovine mammary gland

2001 ◽  
Vol 168 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Plath-Gabler ◽  
C Gabler ◽  
F Sinowatz ◽  
B Berisha ◽  
D Schams
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Igf Binding Proteins ◽  
Gh Receptor ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Temporal Expressions ◽  
Igfbp 3

To study the involvement of the IGFs in mammary development and lactation of the cow, the temporal expressions of IGF-I and -II, its receptor type 1 (IGFR-1), IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs)-1 to -6 and GH receptor (GHR) mRNA were examined. This was carried out for different stages of mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactopoiesis and involution in the bovine mammary gland of 26 animals. Furthermore, IGF-I was localised by immunohistochemistry. The highest mRNA concentrations for IGF-I were detected in the mammary tissue of late pregnant heifers (days 255-272) and significantly lower expression was detected during lactogenesis and galactopoiesis. Immunohistochemistry of IGF-I revealed only a weak staining in the epithelium of the ducts during mammogenesis. The epithelium of the alveoli were negative during mammogenesis, lactogenesis and galactopoiesis but displayed distinct IGF-I activity during involution. In the stroma a distinct staining of the cytoplasm of adipocytes and of vascular smooth muscle cells was observed. A certain percentage of fibroblasts (usually 20-30%) were also immunopositive. In contrast, highest expression for IGFR-1 was detected during galactopoiesis and involution. The lowest mRNA concentration for IGFR-1 was found during pregnancy (days 194-213). In general, the expression of IGF-II was not regulated during mammogenesis and lactation, but decreased during involution. The mRNA for the six binding proteins was detected in the bovine mammary gland. The dominant binding proteins were IGFBP-3 and -5. The highest expression of IGFBP-3 was observed during mid-pregnancy and the lowest during late lactation, involution and in non-pregnant heifers. The mRNA for IGFBP-5 increased during late mammogenesis and lactogenesis followed by a decrease thereafter. In general, the mRNA concentrations for IGFBP-2, -4 and -6 were barely detectable during all stages. In contrast, the expression for IGFBP-1 was upregulated in the mammary gland of virgin heifers and increased around the onset of lactation. mRNA for GHR was found during all stages examined without outstanding fluctuations. In conclusion, locally produced IGF-I and -II may mediate mammogenesis. The high mammary IGFR-1 mRNA during lactation suggests a role for peripheral IGF-I in maintenance of lactation. The role of IGFBPs in the mammary gland needs further evaluation.

scholarly journals Suppression of lactation and acceleration of involution in the bovine mammary gland by a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

2011 ◽  
Vol 209 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
L L Hernandez ◽  
J L Collier ◽  
A J Vomachka ◽  
R J Collier ◽  
N D Horseman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Protein Gene ◽  
Milk Protein Gene Expression

Serotonin (5-HT) is a homeostatic regulator of lactation. Selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are commonly prescribed pharmaceuticals that inhibit activity of the 5-HT reuptake transporter, increasing cellular exposure to 5-HT. Use of SSRIs has been shown to alter lactation performance in humans and 5-HT has been shown to reduce milk yield in cattle. However, it has not been determined how SSRI treatments affect the bovine mammary gland. We evaluated the effects of SSRI (fluoxetine (FLX)) administration on tight junctions (TJs) and milk protein gene expression in a lactogenic culture model, using primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (pBMEC). Additionally, we evaluated the effects of intramammary infusions of FLX and 5-hydroxytryptophan on milk production and TJ status in multiparous Holstein cows at dry-off. Treatment of pBMEC cultured on permeable membranes disrupted TJs, as measured by transepithelial resistance and immunostaining for zona occludens 1. Correspondingly, treatment of ‘3D’, collagen-embedded lactogenic cultures of pBMEC with FLX suppressed milk protein gene expression (α-lactalbumin and β-casein) in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, intramammary treatment of Holstein cows with FLX resulted in an accelerated rate of milk decline. Additionally, TJ permeability increased in FLX-treated animals, as measured by plasma lactose and milk Na+ and K+ levels. Results of these experiments imply that SSRI administration accelerates the rate of mammary gland involution through disassembly of TJs and inhibition of milk protein gene expression in vitro and in vivo, leading to reduction of milk yield.

scholarly journals Regulation of Gene Expression in the Bovine Mammary Gland by Ovarian Steroids

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. E55-E65 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.E. Connor ◽  
M.J. Meyer ◽  
R.W. Li ◽  
M.E. Van Amburgh ◽  
Y.R. Boisclair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Ovarian Steroids
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