Physiological and behavioural changes in Holstein calves during and after dehorning or castration

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein ◽  
M. E. Booth-McLean ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
G. J. Mears
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Post Procedure ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
And Control

Physiological and behavioural responses of 17 bull and 12 heifer dairy calves (80.9 ± 1.4 kg) to either hot-iron dehorning or dehorning followed by scalpel castration were compared to both control and sham procedures and to each other. Blood samples were collected via jugular catheters at 15 and 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 24, and 48 h post procedure, sham or control. Cortisol levels remained elevated above controls for at least 2 h after castration and 30 min after dehorning. Initial (T0–T15 min) cortisol responses to castration were not different from those to dehorning. However, they were greater than for dehorning at 2 and 4 h post procedure. Both castrated and dehorned calves kicked and vocalized more frequently (P < 0.05) than during sham procedures. Struggling was greater during dehorning than the sham, but occurred less (P < 0.05) during castration than the sham possibly due to the prior experience of dehorning. Dehorned calves had a higher (P < 0.05) occurrence of both struggling and kicking compared to castrated calves. Heart rate was higher (P < 0.001), compared to control values, in both the sham (P < 0.02) and dehorned calves. Non-anaesthetized dairy calves had elevated cortisol, and heart rate levels as well as more severe behavioural responses to castration and dehorning compared to sham and control treatments. Differences in the responses to each procedure may have been due to handling differences or prior experience of dehorning. Key words: Behaviour, castration, cortisol, dairy calves, dehorning, heart rate

scholarly journals Thermoregulatory Responses and Performance of Dairy Calves Fed Different Amounts of Colostrum

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
Fernanda Lavinia Moura Silva ◽  
Evangelina Miqueo ◽  
Marcos Donizete da Silva ◽  
Thaís Manzoni Torrezan ◽  
Nathalia Brito Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Cold Challenge ◽  
And Performance

This study investigates the newborn thermoregulatory responses to cold and the performance of calves fed different colostrum volumes. Thirty newborn Holstein calves were blocked by birth body weight (BW; 39.4 ± 6.5 kg) and fed different high-quality colostrum volumes: 10%, 15%, or 20% of BW, which was split and fed at 2 and 8 h after birth. At 24 h of life, calves were placed in a chamber at 10 °C for 150 min. Skin and rectal temperature (RT), heart and respiratory rate, and shivering were measured every 15 min. Blood samples were taken every 30 min. After the cold challenge, calves were housed in ambient temperature (26.8 ± 5.9 °C), with free access to water and concentrate and received 6 L/d of milk replacer. Feed intake, fecal score, and RT were recorded daily, until 56 d of age. Blood samples, BW, and body measures were taken weekly. During the cold challenge, prescapular temperature and total serum protein were greater for calves fed 15% or 20%. Leukocytes increased preweaning, presenting higher values for calves fed 20%. Even though there was a benefit for the calf submitted to cold stress on the first day of life, feeding higher volumes of colostrum resulted in no differences in performance during the preweaning phase. Nevertheless, calves fed a higher volume of colostrum (20% BW) presented increased immune responses during the preweaning phase.

scholarly journals Risk factors related to the appearance of umbilical disorders in dairy calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1259
Author(s):  
J.A. Bombardelli ◽  
K.M. Madureira ◽  
C.H. Seino ◽  
G.S. Gravina ◽  
E.C. Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Holstein Calves

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the types of calve housing used in dairy farms, the prevalence of umbilical disorders and related risk factors. The 16 farms studied were visited to characterize the types of installation and possible risk factors, as well as information obtained from a questionnaire applied to the farmers. 806 Holstein calves were physically examined, in addition to collecting blood samples for the evaluation of Failures in Passive Immunity Transfer (FPIT), in animals that manifested inflammatory omphalopathies, and were also submitted to ultrasound examination. The prevalence of omphalopathies was assessed by Fisher's test, and multivariate logistic regression to assess risk factors. Eight types of installation were found: tropical house, suspended cage, collective stall, collective picket, Argentinean type, single-story cage, individual stall, and collective picket with chain. Omphalopathies accounted for 6.45% of the calves. Small size farms (up to 99 lactation cows) had high risk for umbilical disorders, ground floor collective calves, without side protection, with sand floor, in closed sheds and without heatstroke were considered risk factors for omphalopathies. Adequate colostrum and umbilical antisepsis are not associated with disease, its appearance being related to the housing conditions of the animals.

Serum Endocrine Profile in Relation to Estrus Synchronization in Surti Does

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Chaudhary ◽  
C. T. Khasatiya ◽  
S. B. Patel ◽  
S. S. Chaudhary ◽  
V. B. Atara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Estrus Synchronization ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Endocrine Profile ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
And Control

The serum progesterone and estradiol profiles during synchronization of estrus by buck effect and PGF2α treatments were monitored in Surti does. Total eighteen non-pregnant does selected were evenly divided into 3 groups, 6 does in each group. The does of Group I were teased with a sexuallyactive- apronized buck; and those of Group II were treated with PGF2α, i.e., Inj. Lutalyse® @ 7.5 mg/doe IM twice 11 days apart, while the Group III served as untreated control. Blood samples were collected from all the animals on day 0 (before 1st PGF2α injection), 3rd day (during treatment), 11th day (before 2nd PGF2α injection), 14th day (after treatment) and 40th day (post-service) by jugular vein puncture. The serum separated was stored at -20°C till further analysis. In all the three groups, 83.33% does, conceived at first service in the sampling cycle. The overall mean serum progesterone concentration of Group I does (5.82±0.72 ng/ml) was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) as compared to Group II (2.93±0.38 ng/ml) and III (2.88±0.30 ng/ml). Similarly, the overall mean serum progesterone concentration of Surti does on day 0 (2.65±0.46 ng/ml), 3rd (2.56±0.80 ng/ml), 11th (4.45±0.84 ng/ml) and 14th (3.40±0.63 ng/ml) did not differ significantly, but the overall mean level at day 40 (6.31±0.45 ng/ml) was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher, because most of animals became pregnant at that time. The overall mean serum oestradiol-17β levels of Group I (24.40±2.98 pg/ ml) was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in Group II (15.77±1.77 pg/ml) and III (12.21±1.45 pg/ ml). On the other hand, the overall mean serum oestradiol-17β levels of Surti does on day 0 (12.89±1.21 pg/ml), 3rd (15.84±1.74 pg/ml), 11th (14.81±1.96 pg/ml), 14th (22.15±2.97 pg/ml) and 40th (21.64±5.16 pg/ml) did not differ significantly (p>0.05) and the slightly higher overall mean level found at 40th day might be the influence of the non-pregnant does at first service in the cumulative animals. The hormonal profile reflected the initiation of cyclicity and establishment of pregnancy in treated and control animals.

scholarly journals Lysine and Methionine Supplementation for Dairy Calves Is More Accurate through the Liquid than the Solid Diet

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Jackeline Thais Silva ◽  
Evangelina Miqueo ◽  
Thaís Manzoni Torrezan ◽  
Nathalia Brito Rocha ◽  
Giovana Simão Slanzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Intermediate Metabolism ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
Solid Diet ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Methionine Supplementation ◽  
Daily Intakes

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and metabolic changes in dairy calves supplemented with lysine and methionine in milk replacer (MR) or starter concentrate (SC). Male Holstein calves (n = 45) were blocked and distributed in Control without supplementation (1) and; Lysine and Methionine supplementation to achieve an intake of 17 and 5.3 g/d in the SC (2) and to achieve of 17 and 5.3 g/d in the MR (3). MR was fed (6 L/d) until the 8th week of life when weaning occurred. Calves were followed until the 10th week of age. Feed intake was measured daily. Weight and body measurements were registered weekly. Blood samples were collected biweekly to evaluate the intermediate metabolism. The AA supplementation resulted in lower body weight at weaning and week 10. Calves fed SC Lys:Met had lower SC intake and lower total feed intake at weaning when compared to control. Calves fed control had higher heart girth, hip-width, and plasma glucose concentration. The supplementation with Lys and Met did not benefit dairy calves’ performance nor metabolism in this study. Supplementation through the MR was more efficient than SC to result in adequate daily intakes of AA. Further studies are needed to understand the negative effects of AA on calf starter intake.

scholarly journals PSIX-6 Gastrointestinal microbiome of calves fed solid diets containing different levels and sources of NDF

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 418-419
Author(s):  
Gercino F Virgínio Júnior ◽  
Milaine Poczynek ◽  
Ana Paula Silva ◽  
Ariany Toledo ◽  
Amanda Cezar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiome ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Miseq Platform ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Different levels and sources of NDF can modify the gastrointestinal microbiome. This study evaluated 18 Holstein calves housed in not-bedded suspended individual cages and fed one of three treatments: 22NDF - conventional starter containing 22% NDF (n = 7); 31NDF - starter with 31% NDF, replacing part of the corn by soybean hull (n = 6); and 22NDF+H - conventional starter with 22% NDF plus coast-cross hay ad libitum (n = 5). All animals received 4 L of milk replacer daily (24% CP; 18.5% fat; diluted to 12.5% solids), divided into two meals, being weaned at 8th week of age. After weaning, animals were housed in tropical shelters, fed with the respective solid diet and coast-cross hay ad libitum for all treatments. To evaluate the microbiome, ruminal fluid samples were collected using a modified Geishauser oral probe at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10, two hours after the morning feeding, and fecal samples were collected at birth (0) and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10. The microbial community was determined by sequencing V3 and V4 region amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene that was amplified by PCR and sequenced by the Illumina MiSeq platform. Ruminal microbiome had no differences in diversity for the effects of weeks, treatments or interaction of both factors (Table 1). In feces, the diversity indices and evenness were higher for 22NDF+H when compared to 22NDF, with no difference for 31NDF. All indices were significantly affected by calves age. At birth, calves had the greatest diversity and richness. Week 1 and 2 had less evenness and diversity. Bacteroidota, Firmicutes_A and Firmicutes_C were the most abundant phylum in rumen and feces. The supply of hay was only effective in modifying the fecal microbiome of dairy calves, suggesting a resilience in the ruminal microbiome.

scholarly journals Salmonella Bacterin Vaccination Decreases Shedding and Colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Eduarda Alexandra Gonçalves de Oliveira Moura ◽  
Daniela Gomes da Silva ◽  
Caio Henrique Turco ◽  
Thainara Vitoria Carnevalli Sanches ◽  
Gabriel Yuri Storino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Commercial Vaccine ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Over Time

Since the occurrence of swine salmonellosis has increased over time and control strategies other than biosecurity are highly recommended, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Typhimurium bacterins in pigs. Two experimental groups were formed: G1, animals immunized with two doses of a commercial vaccine (n = 20); G2, control group (n = 20). After vaccination, all pigs were orally challenged (D0) with 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and evaluated for 40 days. Every 10 days after D0, five piglets from each experimental group were euthanized and submitted to the necroscopic examination, when organ samples were collected. Blood samples and rectal swabs were collected before the first dose of the vaccine (D−42), before the second dose (D−21), before the challenge (D0), and thereafter, every three days until D39. Blood count, serum IgG measurement by ELISA, and the excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium in feces were evaluated. While the results from blood count and serum IgG concentration did not differ, the detection and excretion of Salmonella between G1 and G2 differed (p < 0.05). Therefore, it was observed that this vaccine partially protected the animals against experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, reducing the excretion of bacteria in feces.

scholarly journals Cardiac Parasympathetic Withdrawal and Sympathetic Activity: Effect of Heat Exposure on Heart Rate Variability

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5934
Author(s):  
Oriol Abellán-Aynés ◽  
Pedro Manonelles ◽  
Fernando Alacid
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sympathetic Activity ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Poincaré Plot ◽  
Activity Effect ◽  
And Control

(1) Background: Research on heart rate variability has increased in recent years and the temperature has not been controlled in some studies assessing repeated measurements. This study aimed to analyze how heart rate variability may change based on environmental temperature during measurement depending on parasympathetic and sympathetic activity variations. (2) Methods: A total of 22 volunteers participated in this study divided into an experimental (n = 12) and control group (n = 10). Each participant was assessed randomly under two different environmental conditions for the experimental group (19 °C and 35 °C) and two identical environmental conditions for the control group (19 °C). During the procedure, heart rate variability measurements were carried out for 10 min. (3) Results: Significantly changes were observed for time and frequency domains as well as Poincaré plot variables after heat exposure (p < 0.05). These findings were not observed in the control group, whose conditions between measurements did not change. (4) Conclusions: The reduction of heart rate variability due to exposure to hot conditions appears to be produced mostly by a parasympathetic withdrawal rather than a sympathetic activation. Therefore, if consecutive measurements have to be carried out, these should always be done under the same temperature conditions.

scholarly journals Relationships between the Rider’s Pelvic Mobility and Balance on a Gymnastic Ball with Equestrian Skills and Effects on Horse Welfare

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Mette Uldahl ◽  
Janne W. Christensen ◽  
Hilary M. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Core Stability ◽  
Static Balancing ◽  
Conflict Behaviors ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Control ◽  
Energetic Performance ◽  
Working Heart

Riders need core stability to follow and guide the horse’s movements and avoid giving unintended or conflicting signals. This study evaluated the rider’s performance of exercises on a gymnastic ball with on-horse performance and indicators of stress in the horse. Twenty experienced riders were scored performing three exercises on a gymnastic ball and for quality and harmony when riding based on evaluation of video recordings in which conflict behaviours were evident. The horse’s heart rate and number of conflict behaviors during the riding test and cortisol levels after completion of the test were measured. The rider’s ability to roll the pelvis from side-to-side on a gymnastic ball was highly correlated with ability to circle the pelvis on the ball and with quality and harmony during riding. However, pelvic roll and riding quality and harmony showed a trend toward a negative correlation with balancing skills on the ball. It appears that the ability to actively move the pelvis is more relevant to equestrian performance than static balancing skill. Horses ridden by riders with better pelvic mobility and control showed significantly fewer conflict behaviors. On the contrary, high scores for balancing on the gymnastic ball were negatively correlated with the horses’ working heart rates, suggesting a less energetic performance. Pelvic control and mobility may be predictive for equestrian skills and riding harmony.

EFFECTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, ACUTE COLD STRESS, AND DIET ON FORESTOMACH CONTRACTIONS IN CATTLE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. LIRETTE ◽  
J. M. KELLY ◽  
L. P. MILLIGAN ◽  
R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Acute Psychological Stress ◽  
Key Words Cold

Studies were made on forestomach contraction frequencies as affected by diet (brome hay, alfalfa hay, alfalfa silage and barley concentrate diet), acute cold stress and acute psychological stress. Four 15-mo-old steers fitted with ruminal fistulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Diets did not influence contractile frequencies of the forestomachs, and did not interact with the effects of the stresses. Acute cold stress and psychological stress both produced significant increases of forestomach contraction frequencies and of heart rate. Key words: Cold stress, psychological stress, forestomach contractions, heart rate

Heart rate responses and plasma cortisol concentrations in ewes: comparison between cervical and laparoscopic intrauterine insemination and their associated handling procedures

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Khalid ◽  
W. Haresign ◽  
D. G. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Intrauterine Insemination ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Mean Heart Rate

AbstractThis study consisted of two experiments. In experiment 1, stress responses of sheep which were restrained either in a laparoscopy cradle or a roll-over cradle were compared. The results of this experiment indicated that restraint in roll-over cradle is less (P < 0·05) stressful than that in a laparoscopy cradle when assessed in terms of the elevation and duration of both the mean heart rate and plasma cortisol responses. Experiment 2 compared the stress responses of sheep subjected to restraint in a laparoscopy cradle, restraint in a laparoscopy cradle with intrauterine artificial insemination (AI) by laparoscopy, minimal restraint with cervical AI or restraint in a roll-over cradle plus foot-trimming. All treatments resulted in significant elevations in both heart rate and plasma cortisol concentrations (F < 0·001). The peak heart rate was significantly (P < 0·05) higher in ewes subjected to cervical AI than in those subjected to intrauterine insemination, with other treatments intermediate. The peak cortisol response did not differ among different treatments. The duration over which both the mean heart rate and -plasma cortisol concentrations remained significantly elevated above pre-treatment concentrations did not differ among treatment groups. The results of this study suggest that while restraint using a laparoscopy cradle is more stressful than that using a rollover cradle, the stress inflicted by intrauterine insemination by laparoscopy itself is no greater than that due to restraint using the laparoscopy cradle alone, cervical AI or the management practice offoot-trimming using a rollover cradle.

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