scholarly journals Does reclaimed water induce morphological changes in midguts of honeybees (Apis mellifera syriaca)?

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wael Hananeh ◽  
Abd Al-Majeed Al-Ghzawi ◽  
Shahera Zaitoun
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Apis Mellifera Syriaca ◽  
Negative Impacts

The purpose of this study was to assess the death rate and morphological changes in the midgut of honey worker bees when reclaimed water was the only source of drinking compared with the case when fresh water was the normal source of drinking. Two feeding solutions were implemented: fresh water sugar solution and reclaimed water sugar solution for eight consecutive days. The cages were inspected daily for any deaths of the honeybees. At the end of the experiments, midguts were removed; processed and pathological changes of the midguts were reported. The usage of reclaimed water as a drinking water had negative impacts on the average deaths of the honeybee colonies as well as the morphology of their midguts. To the best of our knowledge, no such studies have been conducted before and this is the first study that addresses the usage of reclaimed water as a sole source drinking water for honeybee colonies.

The voluntary intake of acetate by dairy cows given ammonium salts of short-chain fatty acids in their drinking water

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Jackson ◽  
J. Hodgson ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

A solution of ammonium salts of a mixture of short-chain fatty acids (mainly acetic acid) was added to the sole source of drinking water of 10 lactating Jersey cows. There was considerable variation in the concentration of salts tolerated without depression in water intake. Some animals refused solution offered at a concentration of 0·5% (w/w) whereas one animal accepted solution at a concentration of 8% (w/w) and had a mean daily intake of salts equivalent to 836 g acetic acid.2. Adjustment of the pH of the drinking solution to 6·5–7·5 increased the tolerance to the salts solution of animals which showed a low tolerance to the unadjusted solution. A mean daily intake equivalent to 480 g acetic acid was achieved without a significant depression of water intake. Replacement of 50 % of the ammonium ions by calcium increased the intake of salts by some cows but two out of eight refused the solution at a concentration of 0·5% (w/w).3. The addition of saccharine, vanilla or aniseed to a solution of the ammonium salts gave little or no improvement in acetate intake but sodium cyclamate, ethyl acetate or molasses reduced the variability between animals in their tolerance to the solution and increased the mean intake of salts. With an addition of molasses, which gave the most marked response, there was a mean daily intake of salts equivalent to 495±26 g acetic acid.

Hygienic Aspects of the Use of Desalinated Sea Water for Drinking and Household Purposes: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
OO Sinitsyna ◽  
VV Turbinsky ◽  
TM Ryashentseva ◽  
EP Lavrik
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Preliminary Preparation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Desalination Plants

Background. Uneven distribution of fresh water sources on the land surface encourages a search for effective techniques of potable water preparation by desalination of seawater. Hygienic issues of such desalination methods as distillation, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and ion exchange have been investigated by now and appropriate limitations, requirements, and additional measures to ensure safety of desalinated drinking water have been established. Objective. To summarize and systematize the results of studying characteristics of various methods of seawater desalination for its further use for drinking and household purposes. Materials and methods. We conducted a systematic review of studies published in Russian and in English, found in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, and selected 40 literary sources containing an empirical assessment of effectiveness of seawater desalination and preparation of drinking water. We also scrutinized regulatory documents and guidelines of domestic sanitary legislation. The research results were systematized by the main desalination methods. Results and discussion. We established that the use of seawater for the preparation of fresh water for drinking and household purposes is becoming increasingly widespread around the world. Drinking water obtained from seawater, in all cases, requires additional treatment and measures to optimize its mineral composition and protect against microorganisms. Conclusion. The main challenges of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population when using desalinated seawater for drinking and household purposes include selection of a source, arrangement of sites of water intake properly protected from natural and man-made pollution, substantiation of techniques and modes of preliminary preparation of source seawater adequate to its composition, basic desalination, ensuring safety of products of destruction and migration of toxic substances from reagents and materials of desalination plants, additional conditioning with the necessary elements and disinfection of the prepared water, as well as environmental protection from desalination waste.

REACTION OF CD68-POSITIVE RAT LIVER AND SPLEEN CELLS ON SILICON INTAKE WITH DRINKING WATER

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
Evgeniia A. Grigoreva ◽  
Valentina S. Gordova ◽  
Valentina E. Sergeeva ◽  
Alina T. Smorodchenko
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Silicon Compound ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Experimental Group

The article presents data on the long-term effect (nine months) of a silicon compound supplied with drinking water – nonahydrate sodium metasilicate (10 mg/l in terms of silicon), on CD68-positive macrophages in the liver and spleen of laboratory rats. Changes in the morphological characteristics of this cell population were found. There was a decrease in the average cell area (in the liver of the control group of rats, the average macrophage area was 179.23±5.94 microns2, and in the group receiving silicon with drinking water – 117.04±3.35 microns2; in the spleen-136.02±3.93 microns2 and 103.44±2.8 microns2, respectively). Macrophages in the liver preparations of the experimental group of rats had a fewer processes and a darker cytoplasmic membrane. The number of macrophages in the liver per unit area was comparable, for the control group of rats it was 18.78±1.24, and for the rats that received with water with the addition of silicon – 19.41±0.75 cells. CD68+ macrophages of the red splenic pulp in laboratory rats that received silicon also underwent the following morphological changes: they were located in a denser way and had fewer processes, while the number of macrophages per unit area was 73.7±2.3 for the control group, 91.6±5.0-for the experimental group, respectively. The distance between them did not change. There was a change in the intensity of CD68 expression on the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and in the cytoplasm of liver and spleen macrophages. These changes can be interpreted as the adaptive ability of liver and spleen macrophages to silicon introduced with drinking water. Given the heterogeneity of the macrophage population in the liver and spleen, further studies using markers for different subpopulations of macrophages are needed to clarify their role in the response of tissues to silicon supplied with drinking water.

scholarly journals Impacts of Salinity Intrusion in Community Health: A Review of Experiences on Drinking Water Sodium from Coastal Areas of Bangladesh

Healthcare ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashura Shammi ◽  
Md. Rahman ◽  
Serene Bondad ◽  
Md. Bodrud-Doza
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Salinity Intrusion ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Negative Impacts

Increasing salt intake has substantial negative impacts on human health and well-being. This article focused on the construction of Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework for drinking water sodium (DWS) followed by a review on the published studies regarding salinity intrusion, DWS, and their effects on health perspectives in Bangladesh. Saline water is an important factor for hypertension or high blood pressure in the coastal areas. DWS can also lead women, especially pregnant women, to an increased risk of (pre)eclampsia, hypertension, as well as infant mortality. Several interventions, such as rainwater harvesting, pond sand filter (PSF) system, managed aquifer recharge (MAR), and pilot scale solar-powered desalination plants, such as reverse osmosis (RO), were reviewed on the context of their effectiveness in controlling drinking water sodium. Although rainwater consumption has the positive impact of low or no sodium intake, it still possesses negative impacts from not having vital minerals. A steady increment in sodium concentration through the span of the dry season was observed in MAR. It is, subsequently, important to increase awareness on DWS intake by providing and adopting correct technological interventions and training communities on the maintenance of the adaptive measures.

scholarly journals Preparation of Immunotherapy Liposomal-Loaded Thermal-Responsive Hydrogel Carrier in the Local Treatment of Breast Cancer

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsieh-Chih Tsai ◽  
Hsiao-Ying Chou ◽  
Shun-Hao Chuang ◽  
Juin-Yih Lai ◽  
Yi-Shu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Acidic Environment ◽  
Breast Cancer Therapy ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Liposome System ◽  
Extracellular Environment

To reduce the side effects of immune drugs and the sustainable release of immune drugs on local parts, we have designed an injectable thermal-sensitive hydrogel containing an imiquimod-loaded liposome system. In the extracellular environment of tumor tissues (pH 6.4), 50% of the drug was released from the carrier, which could be a result of the morphological changes of the liposomal microstructure in the acidic environment. According to the results in animals, the drug-containing liposomes combined with hydrogel can be effectively applied in breast cancer therapy to delay the growth of tumors as well as to dramatically reduce the death rate of mice.

scholarly journals Fecal Coliforms and Total Coliforms Removal in Water Using Radio-Frequency (RF) Plasma System

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reni Desmiarti ◽  
Ariadi Hazmi ◽  
Yenni Trianda
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Rf Plasma ◽  
Radio Frequency Plasma ◽  
Plasma System ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Frequency Plasma

A radio-frequency plasma system (RF) was used to investigate the removal of microorganisms from water.Plasma generated by RF radiation can produce active compounds (H•, •OH, H2O2, O3, etc.) that have a highoxidation potential and can kill microorganisms present in water (fecal coliforms and total coliforms). Thefrequency of the plasma system was set to 3.0, 3.3 and 3.7 MHz and applied to river water for 60 minutes. Theresults show that in all runs, the pH of the water produced was in the range from 7.4 to 7.9. The removalefficiencies of fecal coliforms achieved were between 83.75 and 95% and were higher than the removalefficiencies of total coliforms, which were between 82.61 and 93.48%. Meanwhile, the death rate (kD) of fecalcoliforms wasfaster than that of total coliforms. Therefore, the removal of total coliforms is the key to removingmicroorganisms fromwater. RF plasma treatment can be used for treatment of drinking water to decreasemicroorganisms.

Evaluation of an integrated membrane system for water repurification

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gagliardo ◽  
S. Adham ◽  
A. Olivieri ◽  
R. Trussell
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Drinking Water Standards ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Membrane Type

An integrated membrane system was evaluated for water repurification. Performance evaluation of the membrane system was based on three criteria: flux and fouling, disinfection capability, and rejection of pollutants. Minimal membrane fouling was observed for all of the membranes employed in the study. Significant contaminant rejection was also achieved by the membrane system purifying the reclaimed water to meet and exceed drinking water standards. Wide range of virus rejection was observed for the membranes, which was dependent on the membrane type, manufacturer, and the fouling status. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that the integrated membrane system is a very effective and reliable process for water repurification.

Index of drinking water adequacy for the Asian economies

Water Policy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (S1) ◽  
pp. 135-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seetharam Kallidaikurichi ◽  
Bhanoji Rao
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Asian Development Bank ◽  
Separate Component ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Asian Water ◽  
Development Outlook

An Index of Drinking Water Adequacy (referred to as IDWA-I in this paper) was first proposed in 2007 for 23 member countries of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and formed part of the Asian Water and Development Outlook (AWDO), 2007 brought out by the ADB. IDWA-I was obtained by averaging 5 separate component indicators referring to capacity to buy water, extent of resource availability, amount of water used, water quality (indicated by a proxy variable, namely the death rate due to diarrhoea) and the percentage of people with access. This paper reports the main results of IDWA-I and IDWA-II, in which we replace general access with specific access via home connection, after discovering the relatively weak correlation between the two types of access. Because of the dominating influence of the other common components, IDWA-I and IDWA-II are highly correlated indicators. The two, however, bring out diverse relative ranks for different countries.

scholarly journals Distribution ofAeromonasphenospecies and genospecies among strains isolated from water, foods or from human clinical samples

1995 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Hänninen ◽  
A. Siitonen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Phenotypic Methods ◽  
Drinking Water Samples ◽  
Reference Strains ◽  
Human Blood Cultures

SummaryA total of 332Aeromonasspp. originating from drinking water (n= 75), fresh water (n= 57), chicken and ground beef (107), human faecal samples in association with travelling (n= 49), human faecal samples not associated with travelling (n= 38), and six strains from human blood cultures were studied by phenotypic methods and by using analysis of ribopatterns as a molecular method for the identification of the 13 known hybridization groups (HGs). Also included were the reference strains of each HG.A. hydrophilaHG 1,A. caviaeHG 4 andA. veroniibiotypesobriaHG 8/10 were the most important genospecies identified in human faecal samples.A. hydrophilaHG 2 andA. mediaHG 5B predominated in drinking water andA. hydrophilaHG 2 and HGS,A. mediaHG 5A and HG 5B predominated in fresh water. In drinking water only one isolate wasA. hydrophilaHG 1 and two isolates wereA. caviaeHG 4. Clinically importantAeromonasspp. HG 1 (A. hydrophila), HG 4 (A. caviae) and HG 8/10 (A. veroniibiotypesobria) were common in chicken and ground beef. In contrast to the drinking water samples, HG 5A was common in chicken and ground beef samples. Atypical, unidentified isolates were most often found in fresh water samples (12/57 strains). Although water has been suspected of being an important source of humanaeromonasinfections, clinically important HGs were found to be in the minority amongAeromonasspp. identified in drinking water or fresh water. The distribution ofAeromonasspp. HGs among drinking water, chicken and ground beef samples was also different, suggesting that contamination of meat or chicken may not originate from water.

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