scholarly journals Use of feed additives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from dairy farms

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roonal Pritam Kataria
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Microbial Ecosystem ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Selection Of

This review analyses methane emissions from dairy farms due to enteric fermentations and use of different feed additives as a strategy to control them. CH4 is a product that forms during the fermentation of food in the rumen of ruminants and on average represents a 7% loss of the energy ingested by the animal. CH4 is also a potent greenhouse gas. Various approaches have been studied in many countries with the aim of reducing methane emissions of digestive origin like the use of biotechnologies to modify the microbial ecosystem. This include selection of rumen micro-organisms through the elimination of protozoans or the inoculation of exogenous bacterial strains, vaccination against methanogenic micro-organisms, etc. or use of new food additives like plant extracts, organic acids, etc. and are theoretically promising paths. Their application is however still not known because trials are being performed mainly <em>in vitro</em>. This article focuses on reducing methanogenesis by adjusting the composition of the feed distributed to animals.

scholarly journals Combination Effects of Plant Extracts Rich in Tannins and Saponins as Feed Additives for Mitigating in Vitro Ruminal Methane and Ammonia Formation

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuraga Jayanegara ◽  
Yogianto Yogianto ◽  
Elizabeth Wina ◽  
Asep Sudarman ◽  
Makoto Kondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Combination Effects ◽  
Pure Methanol ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Substrate Types ◽  
Ammonia Formation

The objective of this experiment was to test the effects of combining plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins at varying proportions on in vitro ruminal methane and ammonia formation. Tannins were extracted from Swietenia mahogani leaves and saponins from Sapindus rarak fruits with various solvents. The extracts obtained with the most efficient solvents (tannins: 75% water and 25% methanol; saponins: pure methanol) were then used in vitro. The treatments consisted of two substrate types (high-forage (HF) or high-concentrate (HC) diets) and five extract combinations (tannins: saponins, 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1) added at 2 mg/mL in incubation liquid. In vitro incubation was performed in four runs, with each treatment being represented with two replicates per run. The addition of plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins, either individually or in combination, decreased the methane proportion of total gas in both the HF (p < 0.05) and HC (p < 0.05) diets. The effects of the plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins were generally additive in mitigating methane emissions. Favorable associative effects between the extracts were observed in the ammonia concentration, both in the HF (p < 0.001) and HC (p < 0.01) diets and in the methane proportion of total gas, with a 1:3 mixture of tannins and saponins added to the HC diet (p < 0.05).

scholarly journals Selection of Promising Lactobacilli Antagonistic to Campylobacter Jejuni

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3983-3986
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Selection Of

This article reflects the results of a study on the selection of promising lactobacilli antagonistic to Campilobacter jejuni, a strain that is the most common and more pathogenic for humans, carried out as part of a project to scientifically substantiate the use of new technologies in poultry feeding using special probiotic strains that increase productivity and obtaining poultry products of improved quality with the properties of functional food products. During the study, strains of lactic acid bacteria were obtained. The cultivation of strains of Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus plantarum was carried out on liquid and agarized nutrient media MRS at 370С for 24 hours. In vitro antagonistic studies were performed using the two-way antagonistic method on a wide range of indicator crops. Since there is evidence of a specific mechanism for the manifestation of the antagonistic activity of lactobacilli to gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, we used test strains of both groups of bacteria. The antagonistic activity of the studied cultures against pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria was determined by the zone of growth inhibition of indicator strains around the colonies of individual strains of lactobacilli and their consortium (in mm). Priority clinical isolates isolated from birds with intestinal infections were used as indicator cultures: Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter jejuni ATCC strains 33560. During the study, most bacterial strains of the genus Lactobacillus were highly antagonistic its activity against indicator strains. The most sensitive to the inhibitory effect of lactobacilli were E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, S. typhimurium and P. vulgaris. The research results showed that the strain L.plantarum ATCC 8014 exhibits a more pronounced antagonistic activity than other strains of lactobacilli.

scholarly journals Testing Methods Affecting the Antagonistic Ability of  Pseudomonas Biocontrol Strains

2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Jevcsák ◽  
Bálint Oldal ◽  
L. Ködöböcz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Selection Of

The antagonistic effect of thirteen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and thirteen strains of other Pseudomonas species was studied on the soil-borne phytopathogenic Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani fungi.  The inhibition of pathogen colony growth was tested with two different in vitro techniques using the same type of culture media. In case of the spread slant technique the antagonists induced a significantly stronger inhibition on the growth of pathogens than in case of spot transfer. Among the 26 investigated Pseudomonas strains, P. aeruginosa strains were generally more effective against the fungal pathogens. Rhizoctonia solani proved to be affected to a greater extent by the bacterial strains studied than the Fusarium solani representative. The possibility of in vitro strain selection of biocontrol microbes is being further discussed .

scholarly journals Bioactive Healing Abutment as a Potential Tool for the Treatment of Peri-Implant Disease—In Vitro Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5376
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Iwańczyk ◽  
Piotr Wychowański ◽  
Anna Minkiewicz-Zochniak ◽  
Kamila Strom ◽  
Sylwia Jarzynka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Carrier ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Disk Diffusion Assay ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Potential Tool

The common use of dental implants for dental reconstruction poses new treatment challenges for physicians, peri-implantitis being a particularly difficult one. Micro-organisms, including drug-resistant Staphylococcus spp. strains, play a crucial role in the etiology of peri-implantitis. In this paper, the authors assess the efficacy of a bioactive healing abutment (BHA) of their own design for the local release of antibiotics as a potential tool for the treatment of peri-implant disease. BHA filled with a collagen material, combined with the antibiotics clindamycin and tetracycline, was tested in vitro by disk diffusion assay. Antibacterial activity was observed for the chosen Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis bacterial strains. In addition, the impact of titanium discs (which were used to make the BHA) was monitored. The results show that the zone diameter breakpoints for BHA are higher than those of standard absorbent paper discs in both tested strains for both tested antibiotics. This work demonstrates that the proposed BHA can serve as an effective and precise drug carrier. The release of antibiotics from the described implant device is easy to control and allows for an effective local antibacterial in vitro treatment. The procedure is inexpensive, easy to perform, and repeatable.

scholarly journals Oral Bacteria as Potential Probiotics for the Pharyngeal Mucosa

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 3948-3958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Guglielmetti ◽  
Valentina Taverniti ◽  
Mario Minuzzo ◽  
Stefania Arioli ◽  
Milda Stuknyte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Pharyngeal Mucosa ◽  
Probiotic Potential ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT The research described here was aimed at the selection of oral bacteria that displayed properties compatible with their potential use as probiotics for the pharyngeal mucosa. We included in the study 56 bacteria newly isolated from the pharynges of healthy donors, which were identified at the intraspecies level and characterized in vitro for their probiotic potential. The experiments led us to select two potential probiotic bacterial strains (Streptococcus salivarius RS1 and ST3) and to compare them with the prototype oral probiotic S. salivarius strain K12. All three strains efficiently bound to FaDu human epithelial pharyngeal cells and thereby antagonized Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion and growth. All were sensitive to a variety of antibiotics routinely used for the control of upper respiratory tract infections. Immunological in vitro testing on a FaDu layer revealed different responses to RS1, ST3, and K12. RS1 and ST3 modulated NF-κB activation and biased proinflammatory cytokines at baseline and after interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induction. In conclusion, we suggest that the selected commensal streptococci represent potential pharyngeal probiotic candidates. They could display a good degree of adaptation to the host and possess potential immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties.

Biodiversity of mannose-specific adhesion in Lactobacillus plantarum revisited: strain-specific domain composition of the mannose-adhesin

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Gross ◽  
J. Snel ◽  
J. Boekhorst ◽  
M. Smits ◽  
M. Kleerebezem
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Probiotic Properties ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Strain Specificity ◽  
Specific Domain ◽  
Domain Composition ◽  
Molecular Selection ◽  
And Function ◽  
Selection Of

Recently, we have identified the mannose-specific adhesin encoding gene (msa) of Lactobacillus plantarum. In the current study, structure and function of this potentially probiotic effector gene were further investigated, exploring genetic diversity of msa in L. plantarum in relation to mannose adhesion capacity. The results demonstrate that there is considerable variation in quantitative in vitro mannose adhesion capacity, which is paralleled by msa gene sequence variation. The msa genes of different L. plantarum strains encode proteins with variable domain composition. Construction of L. plantarum 299v mutant strains revealed that the msa gene product is the key-protein for mannose adhesion, also in a strain with high mannose adhering capacity. However, no straightforward correlation between adhesion capacity and domain composition of Msa in L. plantarum could be identified. Nevertheless, differences in Msa sequences in combination with variable genetic background of specific bacterial strains appears to determine mannose adhesion capacity and potentially affects probiotic properties. These findings exemplify the strain-specificity of probiotic characteristics and illustrate the need for careful and molecular selection of new candidate probiotics.

Flow cytometry as an auxiliary tool for the selection of probiotic bacteria

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mudroňová
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Functional Characterisation ◽  
Selection Of

Selection of appropriate bacterial strains is crucial for development of new probiotic preparations. The fundamental prerequisite for potential efficacy of a probiotic preparation for oral application is the selection of appropriate bacterial strains with good gastrointestinal colonisation abilities, antimicrobial activity, and tolerance of conditions in the gastrointestinal tract, resistance to different antimicrobial agents, survival during processing and storage. The strain should be genetically stable, it should have good growth properties, to maintain its high viability at processing and when in storage. Mostly, the properties of promising strains are tested in the first phase in vitro, and only the best ones undergo subsequent in vivo testing. in vitro tests are often performed by classical microbiological cultivation methods which are material and time consuming, and they are not able to distinguish between ‘viable but nonculturable’ and dead bacteria. Flow cytometry is usually used for counting, phenotyping or functional characterisation of immune cells. Nowadays, flow cytometry is increasingly used in microbiology for counting bacteria, determining their viability and metabolic activity, detecting specific strains or testing their adherence abilities. The utilisation of flow cytometry in combination with an appropriate fluorescent labelling represents an effective and rapid method for the selection of probiotic bacteria.

Evaluation of cellulolytic exogenous enzyme-containing microbial inoculants as feed additives for ruminant rations composed of low-quality roughage

2020 ◽  
Vol 158 (4) ◽  
pp. 326-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Zayed ◽  
M. Szumacher-Strabel ◽  
D. A. A. El-Fattah ◽  
M. A. Madkour ◽  
M. Gogulski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Paenibacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Exogenous Enzyme

AbstractThe supplementation of ruminant diets with exogenous cellulolytic enzymes can improve their digestibility and feeding value. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing roughage (rice straw) and concentrate with inoculants containing four fungal strains (Pleurotus ostreatus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trichoderma reesei and Trichoderma viride) and four bacterial strains (Paenibacillus polymyxa, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus circulans and Bacillus subtilis), given separately or as a mixture, as a source of exogenous cellulolytic enzymes, on basic rumen parameters in vitro, including digestibility and methane production. A batch culture trial was used to select the best supplements, and a long-term rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) was used to evaluate the effects of P. chrysosporium, B. subtilis, and a 1 : 1 mixture of these two on dietary component digestibility and fermentation parameters. In the batch culture evaluation, there were significant increases in the organic matter (OM) digestibility, the total gas production expressed as ml/g of dry matter, the OM, the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and the acid detergent fibre (ADF) of the supplemented rations, as compared to the control, excluding the rations supplemented with T. viride and B. circulans. In the RUSITEC, the ration supplemented with mixed inoculants showed significantly higher digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, NDF and ADF than did the ration supplemented with the P. chrysosporium and B. subtilis inoculants. It can be concluded that the simultaneous use of fungal and bacterial exogenous cellulases on rice straw roughage improves its digestibility, without negative effects on other rumen parameters.

scholarly journals Hayvan Besleme Stratejileri ile Metan Emisyonunun Azaltılması

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1700-1713
Author(s):  
Hatice Nur Kılıç ◽  
Mustafa Boga
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Animal Feeding

The methods applied for yield increases per unit animal are also progressing rapidly, along with the rapid progress of agricultural and animal production in parallel with the rapidly developing population and the food demand. The increase in animal products increases the environmental impacts per unit of animal product. With the increase in animal wastes in recent years, greenhouse gas emissions have increased even more, thus negatively affecting the environment and animal health. In order to prevent this negative effect, sustainable methods and strategic measures related to animal feeding and care are important in order to reduce the emission of harmful greenhouse gases. Methane, which is the second most important greenhouse gas, is found in large amounts in the atmosphere as a molecule, the accumulation of this gas in the atmosphere more than CO₂ increases the interest in this subject. Different practices related to the nutrition of ruminant animals (use of feed additives, feeding strategies) in order to optimize rumen conditions and increase productivity per unit animal is a developing area. Sharing this information with animal breeders will also benefit the environment, and therefore human and animal health, in terms of reducing both methane and nitrogen emissions. In ruminant animals, it can cause a loss of 2-12% of the gross energy taken with the feed so that the methane gas can be removed from the body. There are many studies on feeding to reduce nitrogen losses in faeces and urine, which cause methane emissions for ruminants, and many of these studies still do not reach a permanent conclusion. The reduction in enteric CH₄ emissions to be made must be tailored to the specific needs of farmers and livestock, and to be cost-effective. In our study, it is aimed to compile animal feeding strategies and reduction of methane emissions under different conditions.

245 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 195-196
Author(s):  
Ermias Kebreab ◽  
Mallory Honan ◽  
Breanna Roque ◽  
Juan Tricarico
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Emissions Mitigation ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
Enteric Methane Emissions

Abstract Livestock production contributed 3.9% to the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from the US in 2018. Most studies to mitigate GHG from livestock are focused on enteric methane because it contributes about 70% of all livestock GHG emissions. Mitigation options can be broadly categorized into dietary and rumen manipulation. Enteric methane emissions are strongly correlated to dry matter intake and somewhat sensitive to diet composition. Dietary manipulation methods include increasing feed digestibility, such as concentrate to forage ratio, or increasing fats and oils, which are associated with lower methane emissions. These reduce digestible fiber that are positively related to methane production and more energy passing the rumen without being degraded, respectively. Rumen manipulation through feed additives can be further classified based on the mode of action: 1. rumen environment modifiers indirectly affecting emissions and 2. direct methanogenesis inhibitors. The rumen environment modifiers act on the conditions that promote methanogenesis. These include ionophores, plant bioactive compounds such as essential oils and tannins, and nitrate rich feeds that serve as alternative hydrogen sinks and directly compete with methanogens thereby reducing methane emissions. The inhibitor category include 3-nitroxypropanol and seaweeds containing halogenated compounds. The former was reported to reduce enteric methane emissions (g/d) by 39% in dairy and 22% in beef cattle. Seaweed, in particular Asparagopsis spp., reduced emissions intensity (g/kg milk) by up to 67% in dairy and emissions yield (g/kg dry matter intake) by up to 98% in beef cattle. Because inhibitors are structural analogs of methane, their mode of action is through competitive inhibition of the methyl transfer reaction catalyzed by methyl coenzyme-M reductase, the last enzyme in methanogenesis. The combination of dietary and rumen manipulation options, including feed additives, is expected to reduce enteric methane emissions by over 30% in the next decade without compromising animal productivity and health.

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