scholarly journals A tre anni dalla Legge 40/2004 sulla “procreazione medicalmente assistita” Un esame critico della relazione del Ministro della Salute

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Casini
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Allo Scopo ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Probative Value ◽  
Medically Assisted Reproduction ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Meaningful Measure

Il presente contributo esamina in modo critico e ragionato la Relazione ministeriale relativa all’applicazione della Legge 40 del 2004 in materia di procreazione medicalmente assistita del 28 giugno 2007. L’obiettivo è quello di dimostrare che – contrariamente a quanto affermato - proprio in base ai dati lacunosi e strumentalizzati riportati nella Relazione ministeriale, la legge “ha funzionato”; ha raggiunto, cioè, le finalità – che risultano dalla norma stessa - di proteggere il diritto alla vita del concepito (riducendo nel massimo grado possibile la sua distruzione) e superare, nei limiti del possibile, le cause di sterilità. In modo preciso e puntuale, l’articolo dimostra che, non solo è stata grandemente ridotta l’eliminazione premeditata di embrioni umani, ma anche che non vi è stata alcuna riduzione di efficacia delle tecniche di procreazione medicalmente assistita (PMA) in ordine allo scopo di ottenere gravidanze e nascite di bambini. La linea seguita dall’Autore non è quella “negativa” di difendere la legge negando valore probatorio alla Relazione ministeriale, bensì quella “positiva” dimostrare piena efficacia della Legge proprio in base ai pur lacunosi dati forniti dal ministro. La tesi è che la Legge ha tutelato in misura significativa il diritto alla vita dei concepiti e non ha affatto ridotto l’efficacia delle tecniche di PMA. ---------- The present contribution examines in a critical and reasoned way the ministerial report (June 28th 2007) on the application of the Law 40/2004 on medically assisted reproduction. The aim is to show that – contrarily to what have been claimed – just in base to the sketchy and exploited data reported in the ministerial report, the law “worked”; that is to say, it reached the purposes – that result from the norm itself – to protect the right to the life of the conceived subject (reducing in the maximum possible degree his/her destruction) and to overcome, as far as possible, the causes of sterility. In a precise and punctual way, the article shows that, not just the intentional elimination of human embryos has been greatly reduced, but also that there has not been any reduction of effectiveness of the techniques of medically assisted reproduction (PMA) in order to obtain pregnancies and births of babies. The line followed by the Author is not that “negative” to defend the law denying probative value to the ministerial report, on the contrary that “positive” to show the full effectiveness of the Law just in base to the though sketchy data furnished by the Minister. The thesis is that the Law has protected in a meaningful measure the right to the life of the conceived subject and it has not at all reduced the effectiveness of the PMA techniques.

scholarly journals II Rapporto sullo stato di attuazione della Legge 40/2004 recante “Norme in materia di procreazione medicalmente assistita” anche in confronto con le altre nazioni europee (aprile 2009)

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Casini
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Present Report ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Medically Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Italian Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

Il contributo propone all’attenzione il II Rapporto sull’applicazione della legge italiana in materia di “procreazione medicalmente assistita” (PMA) (Legge 40/2004), elaborato nell’aprile 2009 all’indomani della quarta relazione ministeriale del 25 marzo 2009 sullo stesso tema. La particolarità del presente Rapporto consiste nell’indagare su uno dei due obiettivi della legge 40/2004: tutelare il diritto alla vita del concepito. Infatti, mentre è alta la concentrazione sull’obiettivo di “superare la sterilità e la infertilità”, lo scopo di difendere il diritto alla vita del concepito considerato dalla stessa legge “soggetto” al pari degli altri soggetti coinvolti nelle procedure di PMA, è troppo spesso dimenticato. Il Rapporto vuole proprio rimediare a tale dimenticanza e si chiede: di quanti nuovi esseri umani è stata evitata la distruzione per effetto della legge? Poiché, come si legge nel contributo, è chiaro che le tecniche di PMA per il fatto stesso di procreare “in vitro” espongono alla morte gli embrioni anche quando vengono trasferiti nelle vie genitali della donna (ed è questa, infatti, una delle principali riserve etiche nei confronti delle tecniche di PMA), l’indagine si occupa solo di vedere come è stato tutelato il diritto alla vita degli embrioni non trasferiti, cioè non destinati alla nascita, dalla Legge 40/2004. Emerge che l’effetto più benefico della legge è quello di aver evitato nel solo triennio 2005-2006-2007 la possibile formazione soprannumeraria di embrioni e la conseguente possibile distruzione, diretta o dovuta alla crioconservazione, di oltre 120.000 embrioni. La seconda parte della ricerca è condotta confrontando anche i dati di altri Paesi europei e dimostra che il rispetto dei limiti posti a tutela del diritto alla vita hanno anche garantito meglio la salute della donna e non hanno diminuito la percentuale del “successo”. Come è noto la recente sentenza n. 151/2009 della Corte Costituzionale ha gravemente compromesso la legge proprio nel punto di maggiore sensibilità nei confronti della tutela concreta del diritto alla vita del concepito. L’auspicio è che i dati raccolti in questo II rapporto vengano comunque presi in seria considerazione. ---------- The contribution proposes the II Report of April 2009 on the application of the Italian Law on “medically assisted reproduction” (PMA) (Law 40/2004). The peculiarity of the present Report consists of investigating one of the two purposes of the Law 40/2004: to protect the right to life of newborns. In fact, if, on one hand, attention to the purpose of “overcoming sterility and infertility” the Law considers, on the other hand the purpose of defending the right to life of newborn, that is considered as “subject” just like the others subjects involved in PMA procedures from the same law, is too often forgotten. The Report intends to remedy for this forgetfulness and it asks: how many new human beings have been saved thanks to the Law? It makes clear that the most beneficent effect of the Law is that, in the period 2005-2007, it has avoided the possible production of excess embryos and the consequent possible suppression – direct or due to the cryoconservation – of over 120.000 embryos. The second part of the search is conducted also comparing data of other European Countries and it shows that the respect of the imposed limits for protecting the right to life has also guaranteed the woman’s health and it has not reduced the outcome percentage.

scholarly journals Ο άγαμος μοναχικός άντρας και η πρόσβασή του στην ιατρικώς υποβοηθούμενη αναπαραγωγή στην Ελλάδα και στο Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο

Bioethica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Μαριάννα Βασιλείου (Marianna Vassiliou)
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Surrogate Motherhood ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Medically Assisted Reproduction ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Right

This paper compares the legal framework in Greece and the United Kingdom on the issue of access to medically assisted reproduction methods - and to the subsequent acquisition of a child - by a single man. Initially, the human right, particularly the right of a single man, to reproduction is presented. At the same time, the reasons for which legal systems explicitly allow access to medically assisted reproduction only to single women are explained.Then, the legal regime governing the method of surrogate motherhood in both countries is exposed, as this is practically the only method by which a single man can procreate. The presentation of the Greek legal framework follows, a framework which excludes single man from access to medically assisted reproduction, as well as the case law which sought to cover the legal vacuum, by applying in a proportional way the relevant provisions for single women. Then, the rules governing the United Kingdom on the question are analyzed, where the case law has bypassed the non-explicit inclusion of single man to the persons entitled to have a child using the methods of medically assisted reproduction.Finally, as a solution to the issue, the combination of the two systems is proposed, as well as an effective and de facto recognition of the right of single men to having a child with the help of technology.

Belgian Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction and the Disposition of Supernumerary Embryos and Gametes

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Pennings
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Hla Typing ◽  
Embryo Donation ◽  
Medically Assisted Reproduction ◽  
General Rules ◽  
The Right ◽  
Practical Nature ◽  
Supernumerary Embryos

AbstractAlthough medically assisted reproduction has been widely practiced in Belgium, it took decades before a majority was found to adopt a law to regulate this field. The new law recognises different family forms and a diversity of ethical positions. It regulates four main substantive elements: the disposition of embryos created in the context of assisted reproduction, the general rules (anonymous, free and voluntary) governing gamete and embryo donation, specific applications of assisted reproduction like post-mortem reproduction and finally the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for HLA typing. Beside the substantive topics, the law contains a number of rules of a more practical nature: the need for a contract, a maximum storage period, the right of physicians to refuse treatment on the basis of conscientious objections and the procedure that has to be followed when a patient is refused.

scholarly journals How Far Can We Go with Medically Assisted Reproduction? (Comments to the Conclusions of the National Advisory Committee on Ethics)

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-122
Author(s):  
Bruno Saintôt ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Advisory Committee ◽  
Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
Medically Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Critical Commentary ◽  
The Law

One of France’s leading bioethics experts discusses the debate around assisted reproductive technologies, in particular, the issue of legal access to such technologies for single women and same-sex female couples. The author offers his detailed — and mostly critical — commentary on the advisory documents, issued by the “National Ethics Advisory Committee”, a special body created to publicly discuss issues of bioethics legislation. (In August 2020, three years after the publication of this article, the French National Assembly approved the new version of the Law on Bioethics that was discussed in this paper).

scholarly journals La legge 40/2004: principi e prospettive alla luce del dibattito referendario

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Gambino
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Medicine ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Relational Dynamics ◽  
Medically Assisted Reproduction ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Time

Il 12 e il 13 giugno 2005 si sono svolti in Italia i referendum parzialmente abrogativi della Legge 40/2004 sulla procreazione medicalmente assistita. La facoltà di astensione, esercitata dalla maggioranza degli italiani, ha consentito di salvaguardare quei principi biopolitici fondamentali dei quali la legge si è fatta espressione, tutti riconducibili a imprescindibili valori costituzionali. Tuttavia, nonostante l’esito referendario, la legge 40 continua a sollecitare approfondimenti e dibattiti, soprattutto tra chi – insoddisfatto per i limiti che impone – vorrebbe modificarla in tempi brevi. Eppure, a ben vedere, questa legge tanto criticata e contestata è stata il frutto di precise scelte attuate dal Legislatore, ben consapevole dei principi in gioco innanzi al prevalere della tecnologia riproduttiva nella trasmissione della vita umana. In particolare, due sono le questioni di fondo che ancor oggi ritornano nel dibattito: la violazione della libertà di autodeterminazione procreativa della coppia; e la richiesta di una legittimazione di desideri procreativi, che si vorrebbe trasformare in “diritti”: il “diritto alla salute riproduttiva”, il “diritto al figlio sano”, il “diritto all’eugenetica prenatale”. In tale contesto, la riflessione filosofico-giuridica sul significato del progetto procreativo della coppia e sulle dinamiche relazionali che attiva può consentire di recuperare quella dimensione di autentica responsabilità e di amore donativo, che dovrebbe costituire il presupposto etico per compiere delle scelte procreative, nel pieno rispetto di tutti i soggetti coinvolti nelle tecniche che la medicina riproduttiva mette oggi a disposizione e, prima ancora, nel pieno rispetto della propria dignità umana. ---------- On June 12th and 13th, 2005 partially abrogative referendum about the law 40/2004 on medically assisted reproduction took place in Italy. The faculty of abstention, exercised by the main part of Italian people, allowed safeguarding those fundamental biopolitical principles expressed in the law, all of them coming from absolute constitutional values. However, although the referendary outcome, the law 40/2004 continues to request deepening and debates, specially among those who – unsatisfied of the limits which it imposes – would like to modify it in a short time. And yet, this law, so criticized and contested, was the fruit of precise choices made by the Legislator, well aware of the principles at stake in front of prevailing of reproductive technology in the transmission of human life. Particularly, the fundamental questions which are debated still today are two: violation of the liberty of couple’s procreative self-determination; and the request of a legitimating of procreative desires, which one’s would like to transform in “rights”: the “reproductive health right”, the “right of having a healthy child”, the “prenatal eugenic right”. In this contest, philosophical-juridical reflection on the meaning of the couple’s procreative project and on its relational dynamics can allow to recover that dimension of authentic responsibility and donative love, which should constitute the ethical presupposition to do procreative choices, in the full respect of every subject involved in the technique that reproductive medicine offers today and, more before, in the full respect of one’s own human dignity.

CIVIL AND LEGAL LIABILITY OF JUDGES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Skoromnyy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Model Code ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

The article presents the conceptual foundations of bringing judges to civil and legal liability. It was found that the civil and legal liability of judges is one of the types of legal liability of judges. It is determined that the legislation of Ukraine provides for a clearly delineated list of the main cases (grounds) for which the state is liable for damages for damage caused to a legal entity and an individual by illegal actions of a judge as a result of the administration of justice. It has been proved that bringing judges to civil and legal liability, in particular on the basis of the right of recourse, provides for the payment of just compensation in accordance with the decision of the European Court of Human Rights. It was established that the bringing of judges to civil and legal liability in Ukraine is regulated by such legislative documents as the Constitution of Ukraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Explanatory Note to the European Charter on the Status of Judges (Model Code), the Law of Ukraine «On the Judicial System and the Status of Judges», the Law of Ukraine «On the procedure for compensation for harm caused to a citizen by illegal actions of bodies carrying out operational-search activities, pre-trial investigation bodies, prosecutors and courts», Decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the case on the constitutional submission of the Supreme Court of Ukraine regarding the compliance of the Constitution of Ukraine (constitutionality) of certain provisions of Article 2, paragraph two of clause II «Final and transitional provisions» of the Law of Ukraine «On measures to legislatively ensure the reform of the pension system», Article 138 of the Law of Ukraine «On the judicial system and the status of judges» (the case on changes in the conditions for the payment of pensions and monthly living known salaries of judges lagging behind in these), the Law of Ukraine «On the implementation of decisions and the application of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights».

Preclusion of the Right to Submit New Facts and Evidence According to the Law on Contested Procedure in Kosovo

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
ARTAN QERKINI
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legislative Amendments ◽  
The Right

The market economy and changes within Republic of Kosovo’s legal system, which imposed the need of legal changes within the field of contested procedure also, have caused this procedure to become more efficient vis-à-vis legal provisions which were in force until October 6th 2008. Through the Law on Contested Procedure (hereinafter “LCP”), the legislator has aimed, inter alia, to make the contested procedure more concentrated, and thus, more efficient. In this regard, the Kosovar legislator has determined that it is mandatory for the parties to present any and all relevant evidence for resolving the dispute until the preparatory session, and in the event that one was not held, until the first main hearing session. As an exception, the parties may present relevant evidence even after this stage of proceedings, provided that their failure to present said evidence no later than at the preparatory session, respectively first main hearing session, was through no fault of their own. I consider that these legislative amendments are vital to ensuring practical implementation of the principle of efficience in the contested procedure.

Eksistensi Penanaman Investasi Asing di Indonesia dan Hak Menguasai Negara Berdasarkan Pasal 33 UUD NRI Tahun 1945

Jurnal Hukum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 1833
Author(s):  
Rihantoro Bayu Aji
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Unfair Competition ◽  
Foreign Investor ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

 AbstractActually the existence of foreign investment in Indonesia is not new phenomenon, due to foreign investment exist since colonialism era.The existence of foreign investment is still continuing to Soeharto era until reformation era. Spirit of foreign investment in colonialism era, Soharto era, and reformation era are different. Foreign investment in colonialsm era just explore of nation asset and ignore of nation welfare, and this matter is different from the character of foreign investment in Soeharto era also reformation era. Eventhough the involvement of foreign investor have any benefits to the host country, but on the other hand foreign investment have business oriented only whether the investment is secure and may result of profit. Refer to The Law Number 25 Year of 2007 Concerning Investment (hereinafter called UUPM) can not be separated from various interest that become of politic background of the law, even the law tend to liberalism of investment. Liberalism in the investment sector particularly of foreign investment basically exist far from issuing of UUPM, and the spirit of liberalism also stipulate in several rules among others The Law Number 5 Year of 1999 Concerning Prohibitation of Anti Trust and Unfair Competition, The Law Number 22 Year of 2001 Concerning Oil and Gas, The Law Number 7 Year of 2004 Concerning Water Resource, and also The Law Number 30 Year of 2009 Concerning Electricity.   Many rules as mentioned above has liberalism character and also indicator opposite wit the right to manage of the state to nation asset that relate to public interest as stipulated in the Indonesia Constitution. Actually the issuing of UUPM in case of implementation of article 33 Indonesia Constitution (UUD NRI 1945). Due to opportunity by Government to foreign investment as stipulate by article 12 UUPM and also the existence of many rules as well as The Law Number 5 Year of 1999 Concerning Prohibitation of Anti Trust and Unfair Competition, The Law Number 22 Year of 2001 Concerning Oil and Gas, The Law Number 7 Year of 2004 Concerning Water Resource, and also The Law Number 30 Year of 2009 Concerning Electricity, so the foreign investment that relate to public service is more exist in Indonesia. The existence is reflected many foreign companies. Free of foreign investment relate to public service is opposite with spirit of article 33 Indonesia Constitution. Keywords: Foreign Investment, Right of  State, Article 33 Indonesia Consitution AbstrakEksistensi penanaman modal asing (investasi asing) di Indonesia sebenarnya bukan merupakan fenomena baru di Indonesia, mengingat modal asing telah hadir di Indonesia sejak zaman kolonial dahulu.   Eksistensi penanaman modal asing terus berlanjut pada era orde baru sampai dengan era reformasi. Tentunya semangat penanaman modal asing pada saat era kolonial, era orde baru, dan era reformasi adalah berbeda. Penanaman modal asing pada saat era kolonial memiliki karakter eksploitatif atas aset bangsa dan mengabaikan kesejahteraan rakyat, hal ini tentunya berbeda dengan karakter penanaman modal asing pada era orde baru, dan era reformasi. Sekalipun kehadiran investor membawa manfaat bagi negara penerima modal, di sisi lain investor yang hendak menanamkan modalnya juga tidak lepas dari orientasi bisnis (oriented business), apakah modal yang diinvestasikan aman dan bisa menghasilkan keuntungan. Melihat eksistensi Undang–Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal (UUPM) tidak dapat dilepaskan dari beragam kepentingan yang mendasari untuk diterbitkannya undang–undang tersebut, bahkan terdapat kecenderungan semangat dari UUPM lebih cenderung kepada liberalisasi investasi. Liberalisasi pada sektor investasi khususnya investasi asing pada dasarnya eksis jauh sebelum lahirnya UUPM ternyata juga tampak secara tersirat dalam beberapa peraturan perundang–undangan di Indonesia. Perundang–undangan tersebut antara lain Undang–Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat, Undang–Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2001 tentang Minyak Dan Gas Bumi, Undang–Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air, dan Undang–Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2009 tentang Ketenagalistrikan.Banyaknya peraturan perundang–undangan yang berkarakter liberal sebagaimana diuraikan di atas mengindikasikan bahwa hak menguasai negara atas aset bangsa yang berkaitan dengan hajat hidup orang banyak sebagaimana diamahkan oleh Undang–Undang Dasar 1945 (Konstitusi) mulai “dikebiri” dengan adanya undang–undang yang tidak selaras semangatnya. Padahal, UUPM diterbitkan dalam kerangka mengimplementasikan amanat Pasal 33 Undang–Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (UUD NRI 1945). Dengan adanya peluang yang diberikan oleh pemerintah kepada investor asing sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Pasal 12 UUPM ditambah lagi dengan adanya Undang–Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat, Undang–Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2001 tentang Minyak Dan Gas Bumi, Undang–Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air, dan Undang–Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2009 tentang Ketenagalistrikan, maka investasi asing yang berhubungan dengan cabang– cabang yang menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak semakin eksis di Indonesia. Terbukanya investasi asing atas cabang–cabang produksi yang menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak tentunya hal ini bertentangan dengan konsep hak menguasai negara sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 33 UUD NRI 1945. Kata Kunci: Investasi Asing, Hak Menguasai Negara, Pasal 33 UUD NRI Tahun          1945

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