scholarly journals La legge 40/2004: principi e prospettive alla luce del dibattito referendario

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Gambino
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Medicine ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Relational Dynamics ◽  
Medically Assisted Reproduction ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Time

Il 12 e il 13 giugno 2005 si sono svolti in Italia i referendum parzialmente abrogativi della Legge 40/2004 sulla procreazione medicalmente assistita. La facoltà di astensione, esercitata dalla maggioranza degli italiani, ha consentito di salvaguardare quei principi biopolitici fondamentali dei quali la legge si è fatta espressione, tutti riconducibili a imprescindibili valori costituzionali. Tuttavia, nonostante l’esito referendario, la legge 40 continua a sollecitare approfondimenti e dibattiti, soprattutto tra chi – insoddisfatto per i limiti che impone – vorrebbe modificarla in tempi brevi. Eppure, a ben vedere, questa legge tanto criticata e contestata è stata il frutto di precise scelte attuate dal Legislatore, ben consapevole dei principi in gioco innanzi al prevalere della tecnologia riproduttiva nella trasmissione della vita umana. In particolare, due sono le questioni di fondo che ancor oggi ritornano nel dibattito: la violazione della libertà di autodeterminazione procreativa della coppia; e la richiesta di una legittimazione di desideri procreativi, che si vorrebbe trasformare in “diritti”: il “diritto alla salute riproduttiva”, il “diritto al figlio sano”, il “diritto all’eugenetica prenatale”. In tale contesto, la riflessione filosofico-giuridica sul significato del progetto procreativo della coppia e sulle dinamiche relazionali che attiva può consentire di recuperare quella dimensione di autentica responsabilità e di amore donativo, che dovrebbe costituire il presupposto etico per compiere delle scelte procreative, nel pieno rispetto di tutti i soggetti coinvolti nelle tecniche che la medicina riproduttiva mette oggi a disposizione e, prima ancora, nel pieno rispetto della propria dignità umana. ---------- On June 12th and 13th, 2005 partially abrogative referendum about the law 40/2004 on medically assisted reproduction took place in Italy. The faculty of abstention, exercised by the main part of Italian people, allowed safeguarding those fundamental biopolitical principles expressed in the law, all of them coming from absolute constitutional values. However, although the referendary outcome, the law 40/2004 continues to request deepening and debates, specially among those who – unsatisfied of the limits which it imposes – would like to modify it in a short time. And yet, this law, so criticized and contested, was the fruit of precise choices made by the Legislator, well aware of the principles at stake in front of prevailing of reproductive technology in the transmission of human life. Particularly, the fundamental questions which are debated still today are two: violation of the liberty of couple’s procreative self-determination; and the request of a legitimating of procreative desires, which one’s would like to transform in “rights”: the “reproductive health right”, the “right of having a healthy child”, the “prenatal eugenic right”. In this contest, philosophical-juridical reflection on the meaning of the couple’s procreative project and on its relational dynamics can allow to recover that dimension of authentic responsibility and donative love, which should constitute the ethical presupposition to do procreative choices, in the full respect of every subject involved in the technique that reproductive medicine offers today and, more before, in the full respect of one’s own human dignity.

scholarly journals II Rapporto sullo stato di attuazione della Legge 40/2004 recante “Norme in materia di procreazione medicalmente assistita” anche in confronto con le altre nazioni europee (aprile 2009)

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Casini
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Present Report ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Medically Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Italian Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

Il contributo propone all’attenzione il II Rapporto sull’applicazione della legge italiana in materia di “procreazione medicalmente assistita” (PMA) (Legge 40/2004), elaborato nell’aprile 2009 all’indomani della quarta relazione ministeriale del 25 marzo 2009 sullo stesso tema. La particolarità del presente Rapporto consiste nell’indagare su uno dei due obiettivi della legge 40/2004: tutelare il diritto alla vita del concepito. Infatti, mentre è alta la concentrazione sull’obiettivo di “superare la sterilità e la infertilità”, lo scopo di difendere il diritto alla vita del concepito considerato dalla stessa legge “soggetto” al pari degli altri soggetti coinvolti nelle procedure di PMA, è troppo spesso dimenticato. Il Rapporto vuole proprio rimediare a tale dimenticanza e si chiede: di quanti nuovi esseri umani è stata evitata la distruzione per effetto della legge? Poiché, come si legge nel contributo, è chiaro che le tecniche di PMA per il fatto stesso di procreare “in vitro” espongono alla morte gli embrioni anche quando vengono trasferiti nelle vie genitali della donna (ed è questa, infatti, una delle principali riserve etiche nei confronti delle tecniche di PMA), l’indagine si occupa solo di vedere come è stato tutelato il diritto alla vita degli embrioni non trasferiti, cioè non destinati alla nascita, dalla Legge 40/2004. Emerge che l’effetto più benefico della legge è quello di aver evitato nel solo triennio 2005-2006-2007 la possibile formazione soprannumeraria di embrioni e la conseguente possibile distruzione, diretta o dovuta alla crioconservazione, di oltre 120.000 embrioni. La seconda parte della ricerca è condotta confrontando anche i dati di altri Paesi europei e dimostra che il rispetto dei limiti posti a tutela del diritto alla vita hanno anche garantito meglio la salute della donna e non hanno diminuito la percentuale del “successo”. Come è noto la recente sentenza n. 151/2009 della Corte Costituzionale ha gravemente compromesso la legge proprio nel punto di maggiore sensibilità nei confronti della tutela concreta del diritto alla vita del concepito. L’auspicio è che i dati raccolti in questo II rapporto vengano comunque presi in seria considerazione. ---------- The contribution proposes the II Report of April 2009 on the application of the Italian Law on “medically assisted reproduction” (PMA) (Law 40/2004). The peculiarity of the present Report consists of investigating one of the two purposes of the Law 40/2004: to protect the right to life of newborns. In fact, if, on one hand, attention to the purpose of “overcoming sterility and infertility” the Law considers, on the other hand the purpose of defending the right to life of newborn, that is considered as “subject” just like the others subjects involved in PMA procedures from the same law, is too often forgotten. The Report intends to remedy for this forgetfulness and it asks: how many new human beings have been saved thanks to the Law? It makes clear that the most beneficent effect of the Law is that, in the period 2005-2007, it has avoided the possible production of excess embryos and the consequent possible suppression – direct or due to the cryoconservation – of over 120.000 embryos. The second part of the search is conducted also comparing data of other European Countries and it shows that the respect of the imposed limits for protecting the right to life has also guaranteed the woman’s health and it has not reduced the outcome percentage.

Frontiers of International Law, Part One: The Chechen People, Continued

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
René Lefeber ◽  
David Raič
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Parent State ◽  
The People ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

We agree with André de Hoogh that the Chechens did not possess a right to external self-determination prior to the massive indiscriminate use oi military force by Russia in December 1994. At no point have we argued or suggested otherwise. Hence, up to December 1994, the Chechen claim did indeed not meet the conditions set by paragraph seven of the Friendly Relations Declaration. However, the Friendly Relations Declaration needs to be interpreted in view of usus and opinio iuris. In other words, one has to analyse how this paragraph has developed in customary international law. According to our analysis of the law of self-determination, the emergence of a right to external self-determination depends on two cumulative conditions, viz. 1) the serious and persistent violation of the right to internal self-determination and 2) the exhaustion of all total and international peaceful remedies by the people concerned to effectuate its right to internal self-determination. These conditions must be deemed fulfilled if the parent state seriously and massively violates the fundamental human rights and freedoms – in particular by an arbitrary violation of the right to life – of the persons belonging to the people concerned.

scholarly journals La Legge 194 di fronte alle decisioni della Corte Costituzionale

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Casini ◽  
Marina Casini
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Crucial Point ◽  
New Born ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

Il contributo prende in esame le numerose decisioni della Corte Costituzionale riguardanti la legge 194 del 1978 che ha introdotto la disciplina dell’aborto in Italia. La principale impugnazione riguarda il principio di autodeterminazione della donna, ma vengono in questione anche la mancata previsione dell’obiezione di coscienza del giudice tutelare; il ruolo subordinato ed eventuale del padre del concepito nelle procedure che portano all’autorizzazione dell’aborto; la pretesa lesione dei diritti dei genitori rispetto alla minorenne che intende abortire; il diverso trattamento delle minorenni rispetto alle maggiorenni; la mancanza di difesa del concepito dinanzi al giudice tutelare. Gli Autori esaminano anche le decisioni che riguardano l’ammissibilità dei referenda proposti contro la Legge 194, perché consentono di cogliere elementi dai quali traspare il pensiero della Corte in ordine alla L. 194/1978 sia sotto il profilo dell’interpretazione, sia sotto quello della costituzionalità. Nonostante ripetute richieste di intervento, la Corte ha sempre evitato di pronunciarsi sul punto più critico della legge, ovvero la disciplina dell’aborto infratrimestrale dominata dal “principio di autodeterminazione”. Nello stesso tempo la Consulta non ha mai negato l’umanità del concepito e in un caso ne ha affermato chiaramente il diritto alla vita. ---------- The contribution deals with the large number of Constitutional Court’s decisions concerning the law 194/1978 that has introduced the regulation of abortion in Italy. The main impugnation deals with the principle of woman’s self-determination, but also non-prevision of the tutelary judge’s objection of conscience is argued; the subordinate and possible role of the father of new born in the procedures that lead to the authorization of the abortion; the supposed damage of the parents’ rights compared with minor who intends to abort; the different treatment of minors in comparison with adults; the lack of defence of new born compared with the tutelary judge. The Authors also examine the decisions that concern the admissibility of referenda proposed against the Law 194, because they allow to understand elements from which the Court’s thought for what concern the Law 194/1978 under the interpretative and constitutionality profile is showed. Although the several intervention calls, the Supreme Court has always avoided to pronounce a decision on the crucial point of the law, i.e. the regulation on the midtrimestrial dominated by the “self-determination principle”. At the same time the Council has never denied the humanity of the new born and in one case it has clearly affirmed the right to life.

Governments, Governance and War: What We Have Learned in Iraq An Introduction

Public Voices ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Valerie Patterson
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Unique Approach ◽  
Eyewitness Account ◽  
The Right

Reflective of Public Voices unique approach, the works selected for the symposium represent a wide specter of genres: from analytical articles to an eyewitness account to several poems and a play. The symposium contributors, each through a different lens, examine issues of governance and war, democracy and freedom, national security and the right of nations to self-determination and discuss the lessons the conflict in Iraq has taught us about bureaucracy, civil service, political actors and the value of human life.

Kataki-uchi: The Practice of Blood-Revenge in Pre-Modern Japan

1976 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
Public Authority ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Natural Expression

Five years after the Meiji Restoration, on the seventh of the second month of 1873, the Japanese Government issued the following decree:The taking of human life is strictly prohibited by the law of the land, and the right to punish a murderer lies with the Government. However, since ancient times it has been customarily regarded as the duty of a son or younger brother to avenge the murder of his father or elder brother. While this is a natural expression of the deepest human feelings, it is ultimately a serious breach of the law on account of private enmity, a usurpation for private purposes of public authority, and cannot be treated as other than the crime of wilful slaughter. Furthermore, in extreme cases the undesirable situation often arises that one person wantonly and deliberately kills anothe in the name of revenge without regard for the rights and wrongs of the case or the justification for his act. This is to be deplored, and it is therefore decreed that vengeance shall be strictly prohibited. In future, should some close relative unfortunately be killed, the facts should be set out clearly an a complaint be laid before the authorities. Let it be plainly understood that anyone who ignores this injunction and adheres to the old customs, taking the law into his own hands to kill for revenge, will be subject to a penalty appropriate to his offence.

scholarly journals Reflections about abortion limitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (suppl 2) ◽  
pp. 3787-3790
Author(s):  
Andrea Cioffi ◽  
Fernanda Cioffi ◽  
Raffaella Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
American States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Clear Solution

Abstract The debate on abortion has not yet found a clear solution. In fact, there is still discussion about what the limits of this procedure should be. This uncertainty is related to the lack of a clear definition of human life: when can the product of conception be defined as a human being with full medical-legal rights? Based on the answer to this question, the various world governments have drafted more or less restrictive laws regulating abortion. Since May 2019, some American states have considerably restricted the possibility of carrying out abortion on their territory. Alabama has practically banned abortion in any circumstance (including incest and rape). Obviously, these restrictive policies have had a significant impact on the social, bioethical and legal debate, concerning abortion, globally. This paper analyses the implications of these policies with a focus on women’s fundamental rights: the right to health and the right to self-determination.

scholarly journals KETIMPANGAN HAK BERBASIS GENDER DALAM HUKUM WARIS ADAT SUKU LAMAHOLOT

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-166
Author(s):  
Fajar Sugianto ◽  
Vincensia Esti Purnama Sari ◽  
Graceyana Jennifer
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Law ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Right

AbstractThis writing is intended to convey the analysis and critiques on issues and situations of the Lamaholot inheritance customary law must not only be under the ancestor's values that developed in the society but also following the development of the society that has gone through modernization and emancipation, which has resulted in equal positions between men and women in every aspect of human life. Through juridical normative research method, and the emphasis on the Lamaholot tribe, it is found that there are an imbalance position and rights between male and female successor, where the right to inherit is only owned by the male successor. This creates an injustice for the female successor, which fundamentally violates the concept of inheritance in the Indonesian Civil Law Code as the national guidelines of the private sphere of society. The existence of law has greatly impacted human life because where there are humans, that is where the law is. The law will only be classified appropriate if it achieves legal objectives, namely justice, legal certainty, and legal benefit. One of the spheres of human life which are also regulated by law is in the process of inheritance by the predecessor to the successor. This inheritance then enters the realm of private law, which is still dominated by customary law. Customary law as a form of cultural diversification of Indonesia and a core element of the development of the national law itself is still upright and implemented in the practice of inheritance. As a result, it can be concluded that gender-based rights disparities are evident in the socio-cultural life of the Lamaholot indigenous tribe. Thus, through this research, two paths should be implemented by the state. The first one is to approve the Bill on the Protection of Customary Law Communities as an instrument that will act as the implementative boundaries for the implementation of customary law and the second one is to accommodate customary law into Regional Regulations (Peraturan Daerah) as a form of preservation of the customary values of each tribe so that they are in line with the applicable positive laws without eliminating the uniqueness of each basic cultural values of each region.Keywords: customary law; Lamaholot tribe; inheritance AbstrakTulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengkritik masalah dan situasi pengaturan pewarisan hukum adat Lamoholot yang sepatutnya tidak hanya sesuai dengan nilai-nilai nenek moyang yang berkembang di masyarakat, tetapi juga sesuai dengan perkembangan masyarakat yang telah melalui modernisasi dan emansipasi dalam masyarakat yang melahirkan kesetaraan kedudukan antara laki-laki dan perempuan dalam setiap lini kehidupan manusia. Metode yang digunakan ialah yuridis normative untuk menelaah kritis pada sistem waris adat suku Lamaholot, justru ditemukan adanya ketidakseimbangan kedudukan dan hak atas ahli waris yang berjenis kelamin laki-laki dan perempuan, dimana hak atas waris hanya dimiliki oleh ahli waris yang berjenis kelamin laki-laki saja. Tentunya hal ini menimbulkan sebuah ketidakadilan bagi ahli waris yang berjenis kelamin perempuan, dimana turut melanggar konsep pewarisan yang dianut dalam KUHPerdata selaku kaidah pedoman nasional yang mengatur ranah privat masyarakat. Eksistensi hukum sangat berdampak terhadap kehidupan manusia, sebab dimana ada manusia, disitulah hukum berada. Hukum baru dikatakan baik dan pantas bila mencapai tujuan hukum, yakni keadilan, kepastian dan kemanfaatan hukum. Salah satu lingkup kehidupan manusia yang juga diatur oleh hukum ialah dalam proses pewarisan oleh pewaris terhadap ahli waris. Pewarisan ini kemudian masuk ke dalam ranah privat hukum, yang mana kini masih didominasi pengaturannya oleh hukum adat. Hukum adat sebagai wujud diversifikasi budaya bangsa Indonesia dan unsur inti dari pembangunan hukum nasional pun masih tegak berdiri dan terlaksana dalam pewarisan adat tersebut. Alhasil, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ketimpangan hak berbasis gender pun begitu jelas nampak dalam kehidupan sosial-budaya masyarakat adat Lamaholot. Dengan demikian, melalui penelitian ini pun didapati dua jalan yang sepatutnya dilaksanakan oleh negara yaitu pengesahaan RUU Perlindungan Masyarakat Hukum Adat sebagai instrumen yang menggariskan batasan-batasan implementatif terhadap pemberlakuan hukum adat dan diakomodirkannya hukum adat ke dalam Peraturan Daerah (Perda) sebagai wujud pelestarian nilai-nilai adat setiap suku agar selaras dengan hukum positif yang berlaku tanpa menghilangkan keunikan dari setiap nilai-nilai dasar kebudayaan masing-masing daerah.

scholarly journals The Role of Law in Creating Different Policies in Iran's Court of Justice and Punitive Court

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Especial) ◽  
pp. 502-510
Author(s):  
Mohieddin Mohammadi ◽  
Garnik Safariani
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Legal Procedures

The principle of respecting the separation of political forces in a society gives the legal system the right to issue orders on people's complaints based on the laws approved by the legislative power. There is no question that laws, like other man-made things, have shortcomings. These decisions include the rupture and even the conflict between two or more articles of the law that provoke the creation of different policies in the court of justice and the punitive court of Iran. With a documentary methodology, this article attempts to study the conflicts between different punitive laws and their effect on the creation of different policies in the courts of Iran. It is concluded that, in many cases, due to different reasons there may be defects in the law or in the interpretation of the law that generate defect, ambiguity, clash between laws and contradiction. The existence of all these failures in different cases will cause conflicts between the judges of the criminal courts and these conflicts are the source of the creation of different legal procedures in the criminal courts and in the short time analyzed.

scholarly journals THE RIGHT TO MOTHERHOOD AND PATERNITY AS PERSONAL NON-PROPERTY RIGHTS OF THE SPOUSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
S. Chernik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right

The article reveals the essence of one of the main personal non-property laws of spouses, enshrined in family law – the law to motherhood and fatherhood. It is noted that there is no definition of «motherhood» and «fatherhood» in the legislation. The definitions of the concepts «law to motherhood» and «law to fatherhood» proposed in the scientific legal literature are studied and generalized. The exercise of the law to motherhood and fatherhood is linked to the reproductive function of women and men, and it is important that they fulfill the social functions that arise in connection with the birth of a child. The constituent elements of the law to motherhood are considered. A woman has the law to pregnancy and health care during pregnancy and childbirth, the provision of qualified medical care in accredited health care facilities, partner childbirth. It has been found that the most controversial issue is a woman’s law to refuse to have a child, which includes a woman’s voluntary refusal to have children or abortion. The abortion procedure in Ukraine is regulated by law. However, the problem of determining the legal status of the embryo is quite complex and needs to be studied. The approaches to determining the moment of the beginning of protection of human life offered in legal science, namely: absolutist, liberal and gradualistic (moderate) are revealed. Emphasis is placed on the moral aspect of the problem of abortion. It is noted that a woman decides on the issue of abortion on her own, while such a law is not assigned to a man. It is stated that the law to paternity is closely related to the law to maternity and consists of three powers: the husband decides whether or not to have a child, may demand not to prevent him from exercising such a law and to defend parental laws in court.

scholarly journals Penyelesaian Sengketa Tanah Pekarangan Desa di Desa Adat Sulahan Kecamatan Susut Kabupaten Bangli

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-83
Author(s):  
I Putu Ade Surya ◽  
I Made Suwitra ◽  
I Ketut Sukadana
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Land Dispute ◽  
Land Disputes ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Law ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
The Right

Land in human life has a very important role because it is a source of welfare, prosperity and life. In addition, land has a close relationship with humans because land has economic value for human life and can produce natural resources for many people. There are 2 (two) rights to land in customary law, namely the right to land controlled by individuals and the right to land controlled by customary law communities or customary land. Based on this, the formulation of the problem can be taken as follows: (1) How is the existence of the village yard land in the awig-awig of Sulahan Traditional Village, Susut District, Bangli Regency? (2) How is the settlement of a village yard land dispute case in the Sulahan Traditional Village, Susut District, Bangli Regency? The research method used is empirical legal research, namely legal research which functions to see the law in a real sense and to examine how the law works in society. The approach to the problem used is in the form of a sociology of law approach, which is a legal research that examines legal facts that exist in society. The results showed that the settlement of village yard land disputes in the Sulahan Traditional Village was usually resolved by kinship with Bendesa Adat acting as the mediator. Mediation carried out by Prajuru of Sulahan Traditional Village in resolving village yard land disputes that occurred in Sulahan Traditional Village was carried out at Pura Desa Sulahan. The purpose of the mediation was carried out at the Sulahan Village Temple because of its strategic location. Before conducting mediation, the Prajuru Desa Adat and the disputing parties will hold a prayer first so that the mediation can run smoothly so that there are no disputes.

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