scholarly journals Il principio morale dell’atto a duplice effetto e il suo uso in bioetica

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Virdis

morale per esprimere le varie dimensioni del ragionamento morale e descrivere le condizioni necessarie perché si possa porre un atto, in tutte quelle situazioni in cui capita di dover scegliere di compiere un dato bene, accettando, accanto agli effetti positivi voluti, gli effetti negativi collaterali che possono derivare dalla scelta di quel bene. L’ambito di applicazione di tale principio è assai vasto ed esso è stato accolto anche all’interno della bioetica e applicato in relazione alle questioni di inizio e fine vita (particolarmente nell’ambito della bioetica clinica), della ricerca scientifica e della difesa dell’ambiente. Il ricorso a tale principio, tuttavia, non è esente da fraintendimenti, in primo luogo, di carattere metodologico: il processo di applicazione, infatti, è di per sé equivoco nel momento in cui il principio stesso si pone come giustificazione morale dell’atto, piuttosto che come criterio guida. L’obiettivo di questo articolo è quello di chiarire quale sia l’utilità del PADE e, soprattutto, se ed in quali termini si debba ricorrere ad esso in bioetica, al fine di arrivare alla soluzione di taluni problemi dall’agire morale che sorgono nell’ambito medico. Attraverso una disamina di alcuni casi paradigmatici, l’Autore sottolinea il valore essenzialmente strumentale del PADE, mettendo in luce come il contributo maggiore che viene da questo principio è quello di essere fondamentalmente un aiuto per affinare l’analisi dell’atto, in quelle situazioni in cui l’esito di talune azioni può produrre degli effetti collaterali. ---------- The principle of the act with double effect (PADE) rises in moral theology to express the various dimensions of the moral reasoning and to describe necessary conditions so that an action can be set, in all those situations in which it happens one must choose to achieve a given good, accepting, besides the intended positive effects, the negative side effects that can derive from the choice of that good. The sphere of application of such principle is wide and it has also been welcomed into bioethics and applied in relationship to the issues of beginning and end of life (particularly within the clinical bioethics), scientific research and environmental protection. The recourse to such principle, yet, is not exempted by methodological misunderstanding: the process of application, in fact, is by itself equivocal in the moment in which the same principle sets it as moral justification of the action, rather than as guide criterion. The aim of this paper is to clarify what the utility of the PADE is and, above all, whether and in what terms it must be used in bioethics, to reach the solution of some moral problems rising from medical context. Through an examination of some paradigmatic cases, the author underlines the instrumental value of the PADE, showing how the main contribution that comes from this principle is that of being basically an aid to sharpen the analysis of the act in all those situations in which the result of some actions can produce some side effects.

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248757
Author(s):  
Meike Will ◽  
Jürgen Groeneveld ◽  
Karin Frank ◽  
Birgit Müller

Microinsurance is promoted as a valuable instrument for low-income households to buffer financial losses due to health or climate-related risks. However, apart from direct positive effects, such formal insurance schemes can have unintended side effects when insured households lower their contribution to traditional informal arrangements where risk is shared through private monetary support. Using a stylized agent-based model, we assess impacts of microinsurance on the resilience of those smallholders in a social network who cannot afford this financial instrument. We explicitly include the decision behavior regarding informal transfers. We find that the introduction of formal insurance can have negative side effects even if insured households are willing to contribute to informal risk arrangements. However, when many households are simultaneously affected by a shock, e.g. by droughts or floods, formal insurance is a valuable addition to informal risk-sharing. By explicitly taking into account long-term effects of short-term transfer decisions, our study allows to complement existing empirical research. The model results underline that new insurance programs have to be developed in close alignment with established risk-coping instruments. Only then can they be effective without weakening functioning aspects of informal risk management, which could lead to increased poverty.


2017 ◽  
pp. 122-127
Author(s):  
Thi Luu Nguyen ◽  
Thi Tan Nguyen

Objectives: To assess the effect of electronic acupuncture combined with “Tam ty thang” remedy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by wind-cold-damp. Materials and methods: prospective study, comparing before and after treatment, including 43 patients who were diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis by wind-cold-damp according to traditional medicine. Results: good level occupied 69,8%, and fair good level occupied 30,2%.The improved motor function accounted for 95.3%, to relieve pain up to 95,3%, reducing inflammation of VSS in 1 hour at the moment No 31,65, N28 17,88. The improvement in the level of activity of the hand reached 48,8% for good level. Conclusions: The method of electronic acupuncture combined with “Tam ty thang” remedy have a good effect in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by wind-cold-damp and it didn’t cause significantly side effects in clinic. Key words: rheumatoid arthritis, electronic acupuncture, “Tam ty thang” remedy


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1710
Author(s):  
Sylwia Cyboran-Mikołajczyk ◽  
Przemysław Sareło ◽  
Robert Pasławski ◽  
Urszula Pasławska ◽  
Magdalena Przybyło ◽  
...  

Liposomal technologies are used in order to improve the effectiveness of current therapies or to reduce their negative side effects. However, the liposome–erythrocyte interaction during the intravenous administration of liposomal drug formulations may result in changes within the red blood cells (RBCs). In this study, it was shown that phosphatidylcholine-composed liposomal formulations of Photolon, used as a drug model, significantly influences the transmembrane potential, stiffness, as well as the shape of RBCs. These changes caused decreasing the number of stomatocytes and irregular shapes proportion within the cells exposed to liposomes. Thus, the reduction of anisocytosis was observed. Therefore, some nanodrugs in phosphatidylcholine liposomal formulation may have a beneficial effect on the survival time of erythrocytes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1388
Author(s):  
Marta Malesza ◽  
Erich Wittmann

The main aim of this study was to investigate the various factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and actual intake among older Germans aged over 75 years old (n = 1037). We found that the intention to get vaccinated or intake of the COVID-19 vaccine were positively related to the perceptions of becoming infected, perceptions of the severity of the potential long-term effects, the vaccine’s efficacy, and the benefits of vaccination. Meanwhile, the intention to get the vaccine or vaccine intake were decreased by perceptions of the negative side-effects and the general impediments to vaccination.


2021 ◽  
pp. 2046147X2110140
Author(s):  
Roumen Dimitrov

In this paper I analyse a series of Australian MMR (measles-mumpsrubella) vaccination campaigns and policies from the last decade. Using the Bruno Latour’s Actor Network Theory (ATN), I locate human and non-human mediators – including the virus and vaccine – in the complex pro-vaccination alliance led by government campaigners. I identify the vaccine hesitant parents – a large group that ‘sits on the fence’ between the ‘vaccine confident’ and ‘vaccine refusing’ parents – as the main target of pro-vaccination campaigns. PR literature on pro-vaccination campaigns has applied ATN to the independence of the media as network agents. This paper contributes with the problematisation of several more actors such as the health workers, medical experts and the vaccine hesitant parents themselves. Even when they are keen members of a pro-vaccination network, they cannot be taken for granted. This is where understanding of stigma, silence and voice helps. To align their group interests and discourses, government should know how to communicate strategically – including how to communicate indirectly, avoiding stigma and keeping certain internal affinities and communicative distances intact. In conclusion, I make suggestions about strategic communication in pro-vaccination campaigns. Communication of statistical risks and side effects should be central. It is a winning strategy because it establishes a more credible balance between individual rights and collective obligations in achieving herd immunity. And mandating vaccination cannot replace communication. Research shows that legislating compulsory vaccination may have short-term and relatively small effects. They are almost negligible in the long run. Mandate may trigger compliance, but it also causes anger and mistrust. Mandating vaccine has negative side effects. It punishes with economic and cultural sanctions the socially disadvantaged, who are not active refusers. It also has the opposite effect on vaccine hesitant parents. It does not weaken but rather strengthens their resistance to the vaccine and pushes them to the lager of antivaxxers.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
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Author(s):  
Mohammad Hashem Hashempur ◽  
Seyed Hamdollah Mosavat ◽  
Mojtaba Heydari ◽  
Mesbah Shams

Abstract Background Despite growing demand for medicinal plants, there is little data about their use by patients with dyslipidemia. We aimed to determine the prevalence, pattern, and associated factors for the use of medicinal plants among patients with dyslipidemia. Methods A 17-item semi-structured questionnaire was filled out by 195 patients with dyslipidemia in a cross-sectional study carried out in two academic endocrinology clinics in Shiraz, Iran. The questionnaire comprised of three main domains of demographic data (6 questions), clinical data (2 of them), and data related to the use of medicinal plants (totally 9 questions). Results A total of 77.4% of patients took medicinal plants. The most common medicinal herbs used by dyslipidemic patients were Zataria multiflora, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Zingiber officinale. Duration of dyslipidemia was significantly longer in herbal users than non-herbal users (p=0.04). Patients believing that concomitant use of conventional drugs and herbal preparations had synergic positive effects in addition to those persuaded that herbal preparations possessed less side effects, were significantly more likely to use medicinal plants (p=0.008 and 0.005, respectively). Additionally, most of the medicinal herb users (87.4%) changed neither the pattern nor the dosage of their medications all during herbal preparations use. Conclusions This study demonstrated a high prevalence of medicinal plants’ use among patients with dyslipidemia, which was associated with the duration of dyslipidemia, patients’ viewpoints about herbal preparations’ synergic positive effects, and their fewer side effects.


Author(s):  
Jasmina Cilerdzic ◽  
Mirjana Stajic ◽  
Jelena Vukojevic

Even though numerous lichen species possess significant medical potentials they are still unexplored, and particularly species and strains originating from Serbia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative and antimicrobial potential of ethanol extracts of Parmelia saxatilis and Pseudoevernia furfuracea collected in Serbia. The tested extracts were good scavengers of DPPH radicals, with capacities ranging from 14.76% to 79.76% in P. saxatilis and from 21.39% to 90.04% in P. furfuracea. In P. saxatilis level of DPPH? neutralisation was highly correlated with phenol content (r2 = 0.9981) and in P. furfuracea with amount of total flavonoides (r2 = 0.9641). The extract of P. furfuracea inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms with exception of Aspergillus flavus, while P. saxatilis extract affected only growth of bacterial species. Among tested microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most sensitive, while Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as micromycetes were the least sensitive to tested extracts. Because of these potentials and the fact that their long term usage does not have any negative side effects on organism and development of microbial resistance, the extracts could be included in conventional therapy.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahbubeh Setorki

Depression is a life-threatening chronic illness which affects people worldwide. Drugs used to treat this disease have multiple side effects and may cause drug-drug or drug-food interactions. Additionally, only 30% of patients respond adequately to the existing drugs and the remaining do not achieve complete recovery. Thus, finding effective treatments that have adequate efficacy, fewer side effects and lower cost seem to be necessary. The purpose of this study was to review animal and double-blind clinical studies on the anti-depressant effects of medicinal herbs. In this study, validated scientific articles indexed in PubMed, SID, Web of Science and Scopus databases were reviewed. A database search was performed using the following terms: clinical trials, depression, major depressive disorder, essential oil, extract and medicinal plant. Positive effects of a number of herbs and their active compounds such as St John’s-wort, saffron, turmeric, ginkgo, chamomile, valerian, Lavender, Echium amoenum and Rhodiola rosea L. in improvement of symptoms of mild, moderate or major depression have been shown in clinical trials. The above plants show antidepressant effects and have fewer side effects than synthetic drugs. Hence, they have the potential to treat patients with depression.


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