scholarly journals Morphological and physiological adaptations of wood-boring beetle larvae in timber

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Chiappini ◽  
Rinaldo Nicoli Aldini
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Wood Powder ◽  
Wood Substrate ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Wood Boring

Beetles which develop boring tunnels inside and feed on seasoned wood present morphological and physiological adaptations related to the specific activities of their larvae in such a peculiar substrate. As far as protection of antiquarian goods made of wood is concerned, we are dealing mainly with three Coleoptera families, namely Lyctidae, Anobiidae, and Cerambycidae, which include species with wood-boring larvae. The adaptation to wood-boring and wood-feeding activities in beetle larvae was reached independently by phyletic lines not closely related, as a convergent evolution due to feeding behaviour. Among these adaptations, the following are examined with reference to the three families mentioned above. The conformation and activity of the larval mandibles and their possible correlations with the characteristics of the wood attacked are considered together with the presence of body structures for anchoring the larvae to the wood substrate inside the tunnel during the gnawing action. Intracellular endosymbiosis (endocytobiosis) with yeasts or bacteria, capable of supplementing larval diets lacking in some essential nutrients, and its main features are summarized. Last, structural and functional characteristics are discussed as regards tracheal spiracles, provided with filter devices important for preventing intrusion of wood powder into tracheae from larval tunnels as well as useful for avoiding dehydration.

The feeding behaviour of Florometra serratissima (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Byrne ◽  
A. R. Fontaine
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Particle Capture ◽  
Particle Collection ◽  
Slack Water ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Characteristic Behaviour

The feeding behaviour of the comatulid crinoid Florometra serratissima (A. H. Clark) was studied at two sites around Vancouver Island. It appears to inhabit areas where currents are slight. The arms are held in a cone posture during slack water but in mild currents they orient to form a partial arm fan.Tube foot behaviour was observed in situ and in aquaria. The podia arise in groups of three, each podium of the triplet exhibiting a characteristic behaviour related to its role in feeding. The primary podia are typically held extended; they initiate the mechanism of particle capture, secrete mucous threads, and are sensory. The secondary podia, attached to the lappet for much of their length, scoop to collect particles and perhaps mucous threads. The tertiary podia manipulate material in the food grooves. Lappet action appears to aid particle collection through scraping along the primary podia.These feeding activities are compared with those reported for Antedon bifida (Pennant) and other crinoids.

The distribution and abundance of electrosensory pores in two benthic sharks: a comparison of the wobbegong shark, Orectolobus maculatus, and the angel shark, Squatina australis

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Channing A. Egeberg ◽  
Ryan M. Kempster ◽  
Susan M. Theiss ◽  
Nathan S. Hart ◽  
Shaun P. Collin
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Gill Slit ◽  
Functional Importance ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Electrosensory System ◽  
Physiological Adaptations

Electroreception is an ancient sense found in many aquatic animals, including sharks, which may be used in the detection of prey, predators and mates. Wobbegong sharks (Orectolobidae) and angel sharks (Squatinidae) represent two distantly related families that have independently evolved a similar dorso-ventrally compressed body form to complement their benthic ambush feeding strategy. Consequently, these groups represent useful models in which to investigate the specific morphological and physiological adaptations that are driven by the adoption of a benthic lifestyle. In this study, we compared the distribution and abundance of electrosensory pores in the spotted wobbegong shark (Orectolobus maculatus) with the Australian angel shark (Squatina australis) to determine whether both species display a similar pattern of clustering of sub-dermal electroreceptors and to further understand the functional importance of electroreception in the feeding behaviour of these benthic sharks. Orectolobus maculatus has a more complex electrosensory system than S. australis, with a higher abundance of pores and an additional cluster of electroreceptors positioned in the snout (the superficial ophthalmic cluster). Interestingly, both species possess a cluster of pores (the hyoid cluster, positioned slightly posterior to the first gill slit) more commonly found in rays, but which may be present in all benthic elasmobranchs to assist in the detection of approaching predators.

scholarly journals Convergent evolution in the Euarchontoglires

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 20180366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. R. Morris ◽  
Samuel N. F. Cobb ◽  
Philip G. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Classic Case ◽  
Independent Evolution ◽  
Morphological Convergence ◽  
Daubentonia Madagascariensis ◽  
Degree Of Convergence ◽  
Wood Boring

Convergence—the independent evolution of similar phenotypes in distantly related clades—is a widespread and much-studied phenomenon. An often-cited, but hitherto untested, case of morphological convergence is that between the aye-aye and squirrels. The aye-aye ( Daubentonia madagascariensis ) is a highly unusual lemuriform primate that has evolved a dentition similar to that of rodents: it possesses large, ever-growing incisors which it uses to strip the bark from trees in order to feed on wood-boring beetle larvae. Indeed, such is the similarity that some of the earliest classifications of the aye-aye placed it in the squirrel genus Sciurus . Here, we aimed to test the degree of convergence between the skulls and lower jaws of squirrels and the aye-aye. Three-dimensional landmarks were recorded from the crania and mandibles of 46 taxa representing the majority of families in the Euarchontoglires. Results were plotted as phylomorphospaces and convergence measures were calculated. The convergence between squirrels and the aye-aye was shown to be statistically significant for both the cranium and mandible, although the mandibles seem to converge more closely in shape. The convergence may indicate strong functional drivers of morphology in these taxa, i.e. the use of the incisors to produce high bite forces during feeding. Overall, we have shown that this classic case of convergence stands up to quantitative analysis.

Feeding behaviour of the predatory nematodes Laimydorus baldus and Discolaimus major (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)

Nematology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar L. Bilgrami ◽  
Randy Gaugler
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Rice Root ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Rice Root Nematode

Abstract Feeding activities of the predatory nematodes Laimydorus baldus and Discolaimus major were studied under laboratory conditions in relation to temperature (5–40°C), prey density (25–250 individuals), predator starvation (0–12 days) and prey incubation (4–24 h) using the rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella oryzae, as prey. Prey search duration, rate of predation, and the number and duration of predators feeding and aggregating at feeding sites were studied. Discolaimus major killed more prey, and fed and aggregated longer than L. baldus. Predator activities at the feeding site were optimal at 30°C. Predators starved for 6 days required the briefest prey search duration, and remained aggregated at the feeding site for a longer duration. Predators were increasingly efficient at search prey as prey density increased. Prey search and feeding durations were shortest when prey nematodes were incubated between 8–16 h. Predation rate was optimal when prey were incubated for 16 h. Prey search and killing abilities of L. baldus and D. major were governed by temperature, prey density, starvation and prey incubation, and depended upon feeding duration, number of predators feeding and aggregating at the feeding sites.

Prey preference and feeding behaviour of the diplogastrid predator Mononchoides gaugleri (Nematoda: Diplogastrida)

Nematology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar Bilgrami ◽  
Randy Gaugler ◽  
Christopher Brey
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Prey Preference ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
The Third ◽  
Prey Preferences ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Second Tier

AbstractPrey preference and feeding behaviour of Mononchoides gaugleri were studied using 11 phytoparasitic nematode species as prey. A full range of prey preferences were detected in no choice and paired choice predator-prey experiments. Meloidogyne incognita, Heterodera mothi and Anguina tritici juveniles (coefficient of preference = 0.92-1.00) were highly preferred as prey by M. gaugleri in all tests. The second tier of prey preference was occupied by the adult Hirschmanniella oryzae, Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi, Xiphinema americanum and Paratrichodorus christiei (coefficient of preference = 0.19-0.67), and the third tier by Longidorus attenuatus and Helicotylenchus indicus (coefficient of preference = −0.15-−0.57). Hemicriconemoides mangiferae and Hoplolaimus indicus were not preyed upon. Mononchoides gaugleri attacked H. mothi and A. tritici (maximum strike rate (SR)= 92-94%), which has resulted in maximal prey wounding (encounters resulted in wounding (EW) = 46-47%). Longidorus attenuatus was attacked minimally (SR = 42%) with fewest casualties (EW = 21%). Hirschmanniella oryzae, H. mothi and M. incognita were most susceptible (prey susceptibility (PS) = 87.5-93.5%), whereas X. americanum and P. christiei were highly resistant prey species (prey resistance (PR) = 66.7-74.2%). Temperature and prey density governed predator feeding activities, with optimal search duration at 20-30°C and 150-225 prey. The shortest and longest feeding durations of Mononchoides gaugleri were recorded for M. incognita and L. attenuatus, respectively. Predation was density-dependent.

scholarly journals THE ACTIVITY PATTERN OF IDENTIFIED NEUROSECRETORY CELLS DURING FEEDING BEHAVIOUR IN THE LOCUST

1993 ◽  
Vol 185 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schachtner ◽  
P. Braunig
Keyword(s):  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Dense Network ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Feeding Activities

In the locust, Locusta migratoria, the activity of identified efferent neurones of the suboesophageal ganglion was recorded extracellularly for long periods (hours or days). During recording, the animals were free to move in their enclosures. Activity of the cells appears to accompany feeding behaviour: they become active shortly before feeding starts and their activity persists during feeding. The cells have previously been shown to be serotonin-immunoreactive and to have a dense network of neurohaemal terminals on the sheath of the peripheral nerves supplying the mouthparts. The role of serotonin as a neuromediator involved in feeding activities is discussed for insects and other organisms.

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