The feeding behaviour of Florometra serratissima (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Byrne ◽  
A. R. Fontaine
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Particle Capture ◽  
Particle Collection ◽  
Slack Water ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Characteristic Behaviour

The feeding behaviour of the comatulid crinoid Florometra serratissima (A. H. Clark) was studied at two sites around Vancouver Island. It appears to inhabit areas where currents are slight. The arms are held in a cone posture during slack water but in mild currents they orient to form a partial arm fan.Tube foot behaviour was observed in situ and in aquaria. The podia arise in groups of three, each podium of the triplet exhibiting a characteristic behaviour related to its role in feeding. The primary podia are typically held extended; they initiate the mechanism of particle capture, secrete mucous threads, and are sensory. The secondary podia, attached to the lappet for much of their length, scoop to collect particles and perhaps mucous threads. The tertiary podia manipulate material in the food grooves. Lappet action appears to aid particle collection through scraping along the primary podia.These feeding activities are compared with those reported for Antedon bifida (Pennant) and other crinoids.

The feeding behaviour of the featherstar Antedon bifida (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 877-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. La Touche
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Cosmopolitan Distribution ◽  
Hydrographic Conditions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Feeding Rhythms ◽  
East And West

The ecology and feeding behaviour of Antedon bifida bifida (Pennant) were studied in situ at five sites on the east and west coasts of Ireland. These encompassed a range of different habitats and hydrographic conditions, including currents of varying intensity, oscillations due to wave action, and multidirectional water movements.Unlike other comatulids hitherto studied, this species was found to be relatively unspecialized in its choice of habitat and to display great flexibility of movement in its arms and pinnules which enable it to adapt to and feed in each of the different types of water movements described. Neither diurnal nor tidal feeding rhythms were observed, the animals being found to feed almost continuously. The relatively unspecialized nature of this species is discussed in relation to the almost cosmopolitan distribution of the genus Antedon.

Particle selection and feeding behaviour in two cirratulid polychaetes

2017 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 1069-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wagner F. Magalhães ◽  
Julie H. Bailey-Brock
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Benthic Macrofauna ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Sediment Grain Size ◽  
Particle Collection ◽  
Particle Selection ◽  
Particle Mixing ◽  
Ecological Importance

Cirratulid polychaetes are abundant and diverse members of the benthic macrofauna and their particle collection mechanisms may strongly affect particle mixing and sediment grain size distribution in sediments. The feeding morphology differs in having a pair or many feeding tentacles and the ecological importance of both methods of food collection needs to be better investigated to understand their costs and benefits. Particle selection and feeding behaviour of a bitentaculate (Aphelochaeta honouliuli) and a multitentaculate species (Timarete hawaiensis) were comparatively observed. Feeding behaviour observations were done with individuals with or without feeding tentacles and exposed to three different size ranges of glass beads (0–20, 40–70 and 70–110 µm in diameter). Particle selection was tested for coated and uncoated glass beads of three different size ranges in 20 specimens of each species. Feeding behaviour was similar in both species and the methods of particle collection and ingestion are described. Individuals of T. hawaiensis, in which the feeding tentacles were removed, were observed collecting particles with the aid of branchiae. The multitentaculate species studied was more successful in collecting particles from greater foraging radii and at a faster rate than the bitentaculate species but the experimental design may have disfavoured the latter. Two-way ANOVA results showed that both bitentaculate and multitentaculate species significantly selected in favour of smaller particle sizes. Further studies about particle encounter, selection and ingestion are needed and may aid understanding of the phylogenetic relationships between the bitentaculate and multitentaculate cirratulids.

scholarly journals Dendroglaciological Dating of a Little Ice Age Glacial Advance at Moving Glacier, Vancouver Island, British Columbia

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Smith ◽  
Colin P. Laroque
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Terminal Moraine ◽  
Glacier Advance ◽  
Glacial Advance

ABSTRACT Dendrochronological investigations at Moving Glacier provide the first calendar-dating of a Little Ice Age glacier advance on Vancouver Island. In 1931, Moving Glacier was within 30 to 50 m of a distinct trimline and terminal moraine marking its maximum Little Ice Age extent. A reconnaissance of the site in 1993 revealed the presence of sheared in situ stumps and detrital trunks inside the 1931 ice limit. Sampling in 1994 showed the site was covered by a mature subalpine forest prior to the glacial advance which overrode the site after 1718 A.D. Following this period of expansion, which saw Moving Glacier expand to its maximum Little Ice Age position after 1818 A.D., the glacier apparently experienced only minimal retreat prior to first being photographed in 1931.

scholarly journals Examining effects of surfactants on particle clearance rate and capture efficiency of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 149-154
Author(s):  
M Rosa ◽  
Y Flores ◽  
K Sierra ◽  
B Torres ◽  
JE Ward
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Blue Mussel ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Particle Capture ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Reduce Surface Tension ◽  
Triton X

Suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs perform important ecological roles by coupling pelagic and benthic systems during their feeding activities. Particle capture, and thus feeding, is dependent on particle encounter and retention on the gill filaments, with several factors influencing this process. Over the past 30 yr, different types of synthetic microspheres have been used to examine aspects of particle capture and ingestion by bivalves. Critics of this work have posited that manufactured particles may contain surfactants, chemicals commonly used in manufacturing to reduce surface tension, that could produce spurious capture and ingestion rates. The goal of this work was to experimentally assess whether the presence of different types of surfactants on manufactured polystyrene particles can result in instantaneous effects on particle capture by the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. The effects of 3 different types of common surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, benzalkonium chloride, Triton-X) on clearance rates (CR) and capture efficiencies (CE) were tested. Results indicated that none of the surfactant treatments had an effect on CR. Treatment with one of the surfactants (Triton-X) significantly lowered CE for 3 µm sized spheres compared to the control spheres (Milli-Q treated). None of the other tested surfactants significantly affected CE when compared to the control treatment. These data add to an understanding of particle handling by bivalves, and suggest that concentrations of surfactants found on commercially available microspheres used for experiments or found in the environment have little immediate effect on feeding processes.

Chemotaxis and lunge-feeding behaviour of Dendronotus iris (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2805-2810 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Oral Region ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Frontal Processes ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Food Seeking ◽  
Made In

This study provides evidence that Dendronotus iris Cooper can detect odours of Pachycerianthus fimbriatus at a distance. When searching for food, D. iris crawls forward, waving its head and large rhinophore stalks. It exhibits chemotaxis and can select the scented arm of a Y-maze, crawling against current flow when the water contains food extracts. In the natural environment, D. iris is able to locate P. fimbriatus in both the presence and absence of currents. Feeding behaviour is described under three phases from observations made in situ and in aquaria: (i) In the detection of food and during the food-seeking phase, D. iris advances towards its prey while waving its head. (ii) After contact has been made, the opisthobranch centres its oral region by alternatively touching left and right frontal processes to the tentacles of the prey. Head waving continues with upward movement and anterior protraction (i.e., lunge) of the oral region. (iii) Finally, the bite-strike response is exhibited, followed by further bite strikes and intermittent closings of the masticatory margins. Retraction of the radula brings anemone tentacles through the opened masticatory margins. The masticatory margins function to cut food into pieces, which are then thrust into the esophagus by the radula.

Feeding behaviour of the predatory nematodes Laimydorus baldus and Discolaimus major (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)

Nematology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar L. Bilgrami ◽  
Randy Gaugler
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Rice Root ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Rice Root Nematode

Abstract Feeding activities of the predatory nematodes Laimydorus baldus and Discolaimus major were studied under laboratory conditions in relation to temperature (5–40°C), prey density (25–250 individuals), predator starvation (0–12 days) and prey incubation (4–24 h) using the rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella oryzae, as prey. Prey search duration, rate of predation, and the number and duration of predators feeding and aggregating at feeding sites were studied. Discolaimus major killed more prey, and fed and aggregated longer than L. baldus. Predator activities at the feeding site were optimal at 30°C. Predators starved for 6 days required the briefest prey search duration, and remained aggregated at the feeding site for a longer duration. Predators were increasingly efficient at search prey as prey density increased. Prey search and feeding durations were shortest when prey nematodes were incubated between 8–16 h. Predation rate was optimal when prey were incubated for 16 h. Prey search and killing abilities of L. baldus and D. major were governed by temperature, prey density, starvation and prey incubation, and depended upon feeding duration, number of predators feeding and aggregating at the feeding sites.

scholarly journals Morphological and physiological adaptations of wood-boring beetle larvae in timber

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Chiappini ◽  
Rinaldo Nicoli Aldini
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Wood Powder ◽  
Wood Substrate ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Wood Boring

Beetles which develop boring tunnels inside and feed on seasoned wood present morphological and physiological adaptations related to the specific activities of their larvae in such a peculiar substrate. As far as protection of antiquarian goods made of wood is concerned, we are dealing mainly with three Coleoptera families, namely Lyctidae, Anobiidae, and Cerambycidae, which include species with wood-boring larvae. The adaptation to wood-boring and wood-feeding activities in beetle larvae was reached independently by phyletic lines not closely related, as a convergent evolution due to feeding behaviour. Among these adaptations, the following are examined with reference to the three families mentioned above. The conformation and activity of the larval mandibles and their possible correlations with the characteristics of the wood attacked are considered together with the presence of body structures for anchoring the larvae to the wood substrate inside the tunnel during the gnawing action. Intracellular endosymbiosis (endocytobiosis) with yeasts or bacteria, capable of supplementing larval diets lacking in some essential nutrients, and its main features are summarized. Last, structural and functional characteristics are discussed as regards tracheal spiracles, provided with filter devices important for preventing intrusion of wood powder into tracheae from larval tunnels as well as useful for avoiding dehydration.

In Situ Foraging and Feeding Behaviour of Narcomedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Larson ◽  
Claudia E. Mills ◽  
G. Richard Harbison
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Gelatinous Zooplankton ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Eleven Species

Narcomedusae are a small and mostly oceanic group of hydromedusae whose tentacle morphology and comportment sets them off behaviourally and perhaps ecologically from most other medusae. Their tentacles are relatively few in number (2–40), stiff, and noncontractile, with points of insertion located well above the bell margin. Eleven species representing eight narcomedusan genera (Aegina, Aeginura, an undescribed aeginid, Cunina, Pegantha, Solmaris, Solmissus, and Solmundella) were observed and collected in situ in the NW Atlantic, Arctic and Antarctic, using scuba and manned submersibles. In life, the tentacles of narcomedusae are nearly always held upwards over the bell or projected laterally. The major prey were other gelatinous zooplankton, especially salps and doliolids. In the laboratory, these relatively large prey were caught on the tentacles which bend inward and coil at the tips to bring food to the mouth. By extending the tentacles perpendicular to the swimming path, these medusae achieve a relatively large encounter area, thus increasing the probability of contact with prey, for the amount of protein invested in tentacles.

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