scholarly journals Analysis of geological ochre: its geochemistry, use, and exchange in the US Northern Great Plains

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Kingery-Schwartz ◽  
Rachel S. Popelka-Filcoff ◽  
David A. Lopez ◽  
Fabien Pottier ◽  
Patrick Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Trace Element Geochemistry ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Element Geochemistry ◽  
Science Field ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Us ◽  
Crow Indian

Samples of pigments indigenous to the US Northern Great Plains were collected in association with the conservation of a buffalo hide tanned and painted by a Crow Indian(s) in the 19th century, which is now in the collection of the National Museum of American Indian. The pigments were characterised using a series of analytical techniques – some common and others uncommon to the conservation science field, including portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). XRF is not capable of differentiating between various ochre samples due to high detection limits. XRD can detect some matrix minerals in each sample, but these data cannot characterise pigments by original source location. INAA is capable of characterizing ochres from different sources based on trace element geochemistry; however, the large sample size it requires (approximately 100 mg), makes sampling from objects challenging and therefore makes it difficult to use for technical art history studies that focus on museum objects. INAA is useful if applied to reference materials, such as historic pigments or known sources for historic artistic materials.

scholarly journals Regional uptake and release of crop carbon in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 2037-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. O. West ◽  
V. Bandaru ◽  
C. C. Brandt ◽  
A. E. Schuh ◽  
S. M. Ogle
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Biomass Storage ◽  
The Us ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Crop Biomass

Abstract. Carbon fixed by agricultural crops in the US creates regional CO2 sinks where it is harvested and regional CO2 sources where it is released back to the atmosphere. The quantity and location of these fluxes differ depending on the annual supply and demand of crop commodities. Data on the harvest of crop biomass, storage, import and export, and on the use of biomass for food, feed, fiber, and fuel were compiled to estimate an annual crop carbon budget for 2000 to 2008. With respect to US Farm Resource Regions, net sources of CO2 associated with the consumption of crop commodities occurred in the Eastern Uplands, Southern Seaboard, and Fruitful Rim regions. Net sinks associated with the production of crop commodities occurred in the Heartland, Northern Great Plains, and Mississippi Portal regions. The national crop carbon budget was balanced to within 0.3 to 6.1 % yr−1 during the period of this analysis.

Evaluation of fungicide efficacy on sunflower rust (Puccinia helianthi) on oilseed and confection sunflower

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandt Berghuis ◽  
Andrew Friskop ◽  
Michelle Gilley ◽  
Jessica Halvorson ◽  
Bryan Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Puccinia Helianthi ◽  
Action Threshold ◽  
The Us ◽  
Fungicide Efficacy ◽  
Rust Severity ◽  
Important Disease

Sunflower rust, caused by Puccinia helianthi, is an economically and globally important disease of sunflower. Two types of sunflowers are produced in the US Northern Great Plains; the oilseed type and the confection type. Although approximately 80% of the acreage in this region is planted as the oilseed type sunflower, fungicide efficacy and timing studies have been conducted primarily on the more rust-susceptible confection type. A total of ten sunflower rust efficacy field experiments were conducted on oilseed type and confectionary type hybrid trials from 2016-2018. Eleven fungicides from three FRAC groups were evaluated for efficacy and protection of yield. Severity differences among fungicide treatments were identified in both confection and oilseed type sunflower trials. A combined analysis of all confection field trials (five) indicated that rust severity was lower in all fungicide treatments as compared to the non-treated control. Despite rust severity levels below the fungicide action threshold for confection sunflower, seven of the eleven fungicide treatments had yield higher than the non-treated control. In oilseed trials, rust severity was lower in all fungicide treatments as compared to the non-treated control, similar to the findings of the confection type. Rust severity was too low to detect yield differences in oilseed trials. Additional work is needed to elucidate yield-loss potential on oilseed type sunflower and refine the fungicide action threshold on confection type sunflower.

Impact of tillage on field pea following spring wheat

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Carr ◽  
G. B. Martin ◽  
R. D. Horsley
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Tillage is being reduced in semiarid regions. The impact of changing tillage practices on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) performance has not been considered in a major pea-producing area within the US northern Great Plains. A study was conducted from 2000 through 2005 to determine how field pea performance compared following spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in clean-till (CT), reduced-till (RT), and no-till (NT) systems arranged in a randomized complete block at Dickinson in southwestern North Dakota. Seed yield increased over 1600 kg ha-1 in 2000 and almost 400 kg ha-1 in 2003 under NT compared with CT, and by 960 kg ha-1 in 2000 under NT compared with RT (P < 0.05). Differences in seed yield were not detected between tillage systems in other years. Plant establishment was improved as tillage was reduced, averaging 66 plants m-2 under NT and RT compared with 60 plants m-2 under CT management. The soil water conservation that can occur after adopting NT may explain the increased seed yields that occurred in some years. These results suggest that field pea seed yield can be increased by eliminating tillage in semiarid areas of the US northern Great Plains, particularly when dry conditions develop and persist. Key words: Zero tillage, field pea, cropping system, N-fixation, legume

scholarly journals Northwestward cropland expansion and growing urea-based fertilizer use enhanced NH<sub>3</sub> emission loss in the contiguous United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 11907-11922
Author(s):  
Peiyu Cao ◽  
Chaoqun Lu ◽  
Jien Zhang ◽  
Avani Khadilkar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
The United States ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Nh3 Emission ◽  
The Us ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract. The increasing demands of food and biofuel have promoted cropland expansion and nitrogen (N) fertilizer enrichment in the United States over the past century. However, the role of such long-term human activities in influencing the spatiotemporal patterns of ammonia (NH3) emission remains poorly understood. Based on an empirical model and time-series gridded datasets including temperature, soil properties, N fertilizer management, and cropland distribution history, we have quantified monthly fertilizer-induced NH3 emission across the contiguous US from 1900 to 2015. Our results show that N-fertilizer-induced NH3 emission in the US has increased from <50 Gg N yr−1 before the 1960s to 641 Gg N yr−1 in 2015, for which corn and spring wheat are the dominant contributors. Meanwhile, urea-based fertilizers gradually grew to the largest NH3 emitter and accounted for 78 % of the total increase during 1960–2015. The factorial contribution analysis indicates that the rising N fertilizer use rate dominated the NH3 emission increase since 1960, whereas the impacts of temperature, cropland distribution and rotation, and N fertilizer type varied among regions and over periods. Geospatial analysis reveals that the hot spots of NH3 emissions have shifted from the central US to the Northern Great Plains from 1960 to 2015. The increasing NH3 emissions in the Northern Great Plains have been found to closely correlate to the elevated NH4+ deposition in this region over the last 3 decades. This study shows that April, May, and June account for the majority of NH3 emission in a year. Interestingly, the peak emission month has shifted from May to April since the 1960s. Our results imply that the northwestward corn and spring wheat expansion and growing urea-based fertilizer uses have dramatically altered the spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of NH3 emission, impacting air pollution and public health in the US.

Naming Violence in United States Colonialism

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-193
Author(s):  
Taylor Spence
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nineteenth Century United States ◽  
Cover Up

Abstract This article reexamines a highly public dispute between a powerful and well-connected Episcopal bishop and his missionary priest, men both central to the government’s campaign of war and assimilation against Indigenous Peoples in the Northern Great Plains of the nineteenth-century United States. The bishop claimed that the priest had engaged in sexual intercourse with a Dakota woman named “Scarlet House,” and used this allegation to remove the priest from his post. No historian ever challenged this claim and asked who Scarlet House was. Employing Dakota-resourced evidence, government and church records, linguistics, and onomastics, this study reveals that in actuality there was no such person as Scarlet House. Furthermore, at the time of the incident, the person in question was not a woman but a child. The church created a fictional personage to cover up what was taking place at the agency: sexual violence against children. After “naming” this violence, this article makes four key historical contributions about the history of US settler colonialism: It documents Dakota Peoples’ agency, by demonstrating how they adapted their social structures to the harrowing conditions of the US mission and agency system. It situates the experiences of two Dakota families within the larger context of settler-colonial conquest in North America, revealing the generational quality of settler-colonial violence. It shows how US governmental policies actually enabled sexual predation against children and women. And, it argues that “naming violence” means both rendering a historical account of the sexual violence experienced by children and families in the care of the US government and its agents, as well as acknowledging how this violence has rippled out through communities and across generations.

scholarly journals Environmental history of a closed-basin lake in the US Great Plains: Diatom response to variations in groundwater flow regimes over the last 8500 cal. yr BP

The Holocene ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1203-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
William O. Hobbs ◽  
Sherilyn C. Fritz ◽  
Jeffery R. Stone ◽  
Joseph J. Donovan ◽  
Eric C. Grimm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Dust Bowl ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
Lake Water Level ◽  
Closed Basin ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of

Sediment records from closed-basin lakes in the Northern Great Plains (NGP) of North America have contributed significantly to our understanding of regional paleoclimatology. A high-resolution (near decadal) fossil diatom record from Kettle Lake, ND, USA that spans the last 8500 cal. yr BP is interpreted in concert with percent abundance of aragonite in the sediment as an independent proxy of groundwater flow to the lake (and thus lake water level). Kettle Lake has been relatively fresh for the majority of the Holocene, likely because of the coarse substrata and a strong connection to the underlying aquifer. Interpretation of diatom assemblages in four groups indicative of low to high groundwater flow, based on the percent of aragonite in sediments, allow interpretations of arid periods (and probable meromictic lake conditions) that could not be detected based on diatom-based salinity reconstructions alone. At the centennial–millennial scale, the diatom record suggests humid/wet periods from 8351 to 8088, 4364 to 1406 and 872 to 620 cal. yr BP, with more arid periods intervening. During the last ~ 4500 years, decadal–centennial scale periods of drought have taken place, despite the generally wetter climate. These droughts appear to have had similar impacts on the Kettle Lake hydrology as the ‘Dust Bowl’ era droughts, but were longer in duration.

scholarly journals Regional uptake and release of crop carbon in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 631-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. O. West ◽  
V. Bandaru ◽  
C. C. Brandt ◽  
A. E. Schuh ◽  
S. M. Ogle
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Biomass Storage ◽  
The Us ◽  
Import And Export

Abstract. Carbon fixed by agricultural crops in the US creates regional CO2 sinks where it is harvested and regional CO2 sources where it is released back into the atmosphere. The quantity and location of these fluxes differ depending on the annual supply and demand of crop commodities. Data on the harvest of crop biomass, storage, import and export, and on the use of biomass for food, feed, fiber, and fuel were compiled to estimate an annual crop carbon budget for 2000 to 2008. With respect to US Farm Resource Regions, net sources of CO2 associated with the consumption of crop commodities occurred in the Eastern Uplands, Southern Seaboard, and Fruitful Rim regions. Net sinks associated with the production of crop commodities occurred in the Heartland, Northern Crescent, Northern Great Plains, and Mississippi Portal regions. The national crop carbon budget was balanced to within 93 to 99% yr−1 of total carbon uptake during the period of this analysis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document