Impact of tillage on field pea following spring wheat

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Carr ◽  
G. B. Martin ◽  
R. D. Horsley
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Tillage is being reduced in semiarid regions. The impact of changing tillage practices on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) performance has not been considered in a major pea-producing area within the US northern Great Plains. A study was conducted from 2000 through 2005 to determine how field pea performance compared following spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in clean-till (CT), reduced-till (RT), and no-till (NT) systems arranged in a randomized complete block at Dickinson in southwestern North Dakota. Seed yield increased over 1600 kg ha-1 in 2000 and almost 400 kg ha-1 in 2003 under NT compared with CT, and by 960 kg ha-1 in 2000 under NT compared with RT (P < 0.05). Differences in seed yield were not detected between tillage systems in other years. Plant establishment was improved as tillage was reduced, averaging 66 plants m-2 under NT and RT compared with 60 plants m-2 under CT management. The soil water conservation that can occur after adopting NT may explain the increased seed yields that occurred in some years. These results suggest that field pea seed yield can be increased by eliminating tillage in semiarid areas of the US northern Great Plains, particularly when dry conditions develop and persist. Key words: Zero tillage, field pea, cropping system, N-fixation, legume

scholarly journals Northwestward cropland expansion and growing urea-based fertilizer use enhanced NH<sub>3</sub> emission loss in the contiguous United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 11907-11922
Author(s):  
Peiyu Cao ◽  
Chaoqun Lu ◽  
Jien Zhang ◽  
Avani Khadilkar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
The United States ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Nh3 Emission ◽  
The Us ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract. The increasing demands of food and biofuel have promoted cropland expansion and nitrogen (N) fertilizer enrichment in the United States over the past century. However, the role of such long-term human activities in influencing the spatiotemporal patterns of ammonia (NH3) emission remains poorly understood. Based on an empirical model and time-series gridded datasets including temperature, soil properties, N fertilizer management, and cropland distribution history, we have quantified monthly fertilizer-induced NH3 emission across the contiguous US from 1900 to 2015. Our results show that N-fertilizer-induced NH3 emission in the US has increased from <50 Gg N yr−1 before the 1960s to 641 Gg N yr−1 in 2015, for which corn and spring wheat are the dominant contributors. Meanwhile, urea-based fertilizers gradually grew to the largest NH3 emitter and accounted for 78 % of the total increase during 1960–2015. The factorial contribution analysis indicates that the rising N fertilizer use rate dominated the NH3 emission increase since 1960, whereas the impacts of temperature, cropland distribution and rotation, and N fertilizer type varied among regions and over periods. Geospatial analysis reveals that the hot spots of NH3 emissions have shifted from the central US to the Northern Great Plains from 1960 to 2015. The increasing NH3 emissions in the Northern Great Plains have been found to closely correlate to the elevated NH4+ deposition in this region over the last 3 decades. This study shows that April, May, and June account for the majority of NH3 emission in a year. Interestingly, the peak emission month has shifted from May to April since the 1960s. Our results imply that the northwestward corn and spring wheat expansion and growing urea-based fertilizer uses have dramatically altered the spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of NH3 emission, impacting air pollution and public health in the US.

scholarly journals Optimal Agronomics Increase Grain Yield and Grain Yield Stability of Ultra-Early Wheat Seeding Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Graham R. S. Collier ◽  
Dean M. Spaner ◽  
Robert J. Graf ◽  
Brian L. Beres
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

Ultra-early seeding of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on the northern Great Plains can increase grain yield and grain yield stability compared to current spring wheat planting systems. Field trials were conducted in western Canada from 2015 to 2018 to evaluate the impact of optimal agronomic management on grain yield, quality, and stability in ultra-early wheat seeding systems. Four planting times initiated by soil temperature triggers were evaluated. The earliest planting was triggered when soils reached 0–2.5 °C at a 5 cm depth, with the subsequent three plantings completed at 2.5 °C intervals up to soil temperatures of 10 °C. Two spring wheat lines were seeded at each planting date at two seeding depths (2.5 and 5 cm), and two seeding rates (200 and 400 seeds m−2). The greatest grain yield and stability occurred from combinations of the earliest seeding dates, high seeding rate, and shallow seeding depth; wheat line did not influence grain yield. Grain protein content was greater at later seeding dates; however, the greater grain yield at earlier seeding dates resulted in more protein production per unit area. Despite extreme ambient air temperatures below 0 °C after planting, plant survival was not reduced at the earliest seeding dates. Planting wheat as soon as feasible after soil temperatures reach 0 °C, and prior to soils reaching 7.5–10 °C, at an optimal seeding rate and shallow seeding depth increased grain yield and stability compared to current seeding practices. Adopting ultra-early wheat seeding systems on the northern Great Plains will lead to additional grain yield benefits as climate change continues to increase annual average growing season temperatures.

Cropping sequence affects wheat productivity on the semiarid northern Great Plains

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Miller ◽  
J. Waddington ◽  
C. L. McDonald ◽  
D. A. Derksen
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Wheat Stubble

Extension of the commonly used spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow rotation to include broadleaf crops requires information on their effects on a following wheat crop. We grew a spring wheat test crop on the stubbles of wheat and seven broadleaf crops: desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). This study was conducted near Swift Current, SK, from 1993 to 1997, and Congress, SK, from 1995 to 1997. After harvest, soil water differed among crop stubbles and by sampling depth. To the 60-cm depth, only soil under dry bean stubble held more water (8 mm), while soil under lentil, desi chickpea, sunflower and safflower stubbles held less water (6, 8, 9 and 17 mm, respectively) than wheat stubble (P < 0.05). From 60 to 120 cm, soil under dry pea and dry bean held more water (7 and 10 mm, respectively), and under sunflower and safflower stubbles less (7 and 14 mm, respectively), than under wheat stubble (P < 0.05). Lentil, dry bean and dry pea stubbles averaged 5, 6 and 9 kg ha-1 greater soil N in the 0- to 120-cm soil depth than wheat stubble (P < 0.05). The average yield of wheat grown on the four pulse crop stubbles was 21% greater than yields on wheat stubble, but did not differ from the oilseed stubbles (P < 0.01). Compared to wheat stubble, wheat grown on broadleaf crop stubbles had higher grain protein concentrations, increasing by 8 and 5%, for pulses and oilseeds, respectively (P < 0.01). Nitrogen removal in the wheat test crop grain yield averaged 15 kg ha-1 for pulse stubbles compared with wheat stubble. Soil N contribution by pulse stubbles was an important factor contributing to wheat growth under a dryland cropping system on the northern Great Plains. Key words: Crop sequence, spring wheat, pulse crops, N cycling, water use

An economic comparison of alternative and traditional cropping systems in the northern Great Plains, USA

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. DeVuyst ◽  
Thomas Foissey ◽  
George O. Kegode
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Government Program ◽  
Current Production ◽  
Commodity Programs

AbstractCurrent production practices in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota involve use of extensive tillage and/or herbicides to control weeds. Given the erosion potential, environmental concerns associated with herbicides, and herbicide-resistant weeds, alternative cropping systems that mitigate these problems need to be assessed economically. Furthermore, the role that government commodity programs play in the adoption of more ecologically friendly cropping systems needs to be determined. We evaluated 8 years of yield data (1994–2001) from field plots near Fargo, North Dakota, to compare the economics of two alternative cropping systems, reduced-input (RI) and no-till (NT), to a conventional tillage (CT) cropping system. The RI system relies on a more diverse rotation of soybean (SB), spring wheat (SW), sweet clover (SC) and rye, and uses fewer herbicide and fertilizer inputs than CT or NT. Both NT and CT systems rotate SB and SW. We found that CT returns averaged over $47 ha−1more than NT during the study period. Because SC yield data were not available, the economic competitiveness of RI was calculated using break-even yields and returns for SC. Historical SC yields in Cass County, North Dakota were not statistically different from the break-even yields. However, when government program payments were considered, break-even returns for SC increased by about $15 and $18 ha−1and break-even yields by 0.44 and 0.52 MT ha−1for RI to compare with NT and CT, respectively. These results indicate that CT management offers greater economic return than either RI or NT and that government program payments impede adoption of more environmentally friendly cropping systems in the northern Great Plains.

scholarly journals Regional uptake and release of crop carbon in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 2037-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. O. West ◽  
V. Bandaru ◽  
C. C. Brandt ◽  
A. E. Schuh ◽  
S. M. Ogle
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Biomass Storage ◽  
The Us ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Crop Biomass

Abstract. Carbon fixed by agricultural crops in the US creates regional CO2 sinks where it is harvested and regional CO2 sources where it is released back to the atmosphere. The quantity and location of these fluxes differ depending on the annual supply and demand of crop commodities. Data on the harvest of crop biomass, storage, import and export, and on the use of biomass for food, feed, fiber, and fuel were compiled to estimate an annual crop carbon budget for 2000 to 2008. With respect to US Farm Resource Regions, net sources of CO2 associated with the consumption of crop commodities occurred in the Eastern Uplands, Southern Seaboard, and Fruitful Rim regions. Net sinks associated with the production of crop commodities occurred in the Heartland, Northern Great Plains, and Mississippi Portal regions. The national crop carbon budget was balanced to within 0.3 to 6.1 % yr−1 during the period of this analysis.

Evaluation of fungicide efficacy on sunflower rust (Puccinia helianthi) on oilseed and confection sunflower

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandt Berghuis ◽  
Andrew Friskop ◽  
Michelle Gilley ◽  
Jessica Halvorson ◽  
Bryan Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Puccinia Helianthi ◽  
Action Threshold ◽  
The Us ◽  
Fungicide Efficacy ◽  
Rust Severity ◽  
Important Disease

Sunflower rust, caused by Puccinia helianthi, is an economically and globally important disease of sunflower. Two types of sunflowers are produced in the US Northern Great Plains; the oilseed type and the confection type. Although approximately 80% of the acreage in this region is planted as the oilseed type sunflower, fungicide efficacy and timing studies have been conducted primarily on the more rust-susceptible confection type. A total of ten sunflower rust efficacy field experiments were conducted on oilseed type and confectionary type hybrid trials from 2016-2018. Eleven fungicides from three FRAC groups were evaluated for efficacy and protection of yield. Severity differences among fungicide treatments were identified in both confection and oilseed type sunflower trials. A combined analysis of all confection field trials (five) indicated that rust severity was lower in all fungicide treatments as compared to the non-treated control. Despite rust severity levels below the fungicide action threshold for confection sunflower, seven of the eleven fungicide treatments had yield higher than the non-treated control. In oilseed trials, rust severity was lower in all fungicide treatments as compared to the non-treated control, similar to the findings of the confection type. Rust severity was too low to detect yield differences in oilseed trials. Additional work is needed to elucidate yield-loss potential on oilseed type sunflower and refine the fungicide action threshold on confection type sunflower.

scholarly journals Ten Years of Aerosol Effects on Single-Layer Overcast Clouds over the US Southern Great Plains and the China Loess Plateau

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongru Yan ◽  
Tianhe Wang
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
Aerosol Loading ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Using almost 10 years of observations of clouds and aerosols from the US Southern Great Plains (SGP) atmospheric observatory and the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) in China, the impact of aerosols on single-layer overcast clouds over continental land for different regimes were investigated. Atmospheric conditions at the two sites were first compared in an attempt to isolate the influence of aerosols on cloud properties from dynamic and thermodynamic influences. Cloud types and amounts are similar at the two sites. The dominant aerosol types at the SGP and SACOL sites are sulphate and dust, respectively, with greater aerosol optical depths (AODs) and absorption at the SACOL site. Aerosol first indirect effect (FIE) ranges from 0.021 to 0.152 and from −0.078 to 0.047 at the SGP and SACOL sites, respectively, when using the AOD below cloud base as CCN proxy. Although differences exist, the influence of meteorological conditions on the FIE at the two sites is consistent. FIEs are easily detected under descending motion and dry condition. The FIE at the SGP site is larger than that at the SACOL site, which suggests that the cloud albedo effect is more sensitive under relatively cleaner atmospheric conditions and the dominating aerosol at the SACOL site has less hygroscopicity. The radiative forcing of the FIE over the SGP site is −3.2 W m−2 for each 0.05 increment in FIE. Cloud durations generally prolong as aerosol loading increases, which is consistent with the hypothesis of the aerosol second indirect effect. The negative relationship between cloud duration time and aerosol loading when aerosol loading reaches a large value further might suggest a semidirect effect.

Agro-morphology and forage nutritive value of white prairie clover [Dalea candida(Michx.) Willd.] populations native to the Canadian prairies

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1234-1244
Author(s):  
Nityananda Khanal ◽  
Michael P. Schellenberg ◽  
Bill Biligetu
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Provincial Park

White prairie clover [Dalea candida (Michx.) Willd.] is native to the dry prairies and hillsides of the Northern Great Plains. A study was initiated in 2012 with six white prairie clover populations collected from the Canadian Prairies. Plant growth characteristics, forage biomass, seed yield, and forage nutritive values were evaluated using a randomized complete block design in a field near Swift Current, SK. Three populations from Argyle, Carlowrie, and Big Grass Marsh (NCP588) in Manitoba displayed erect-type growth while those from Douglas Provincial Park and Stewart Valley in Saskatchewan and Writing on Stone Provincial Park in Alberta exhibited prostrate growth. The populations did not differ for mean biomass yield (79–104 g plant−1, p = 0.54) and mean seed yield (6.6–9.1 g plant−1, p = 0.69); however, they differed for bloom stage nutritional parameters such as acid detergent fibre (25%–30%, p = 0.04), neutral detergent fibre (34%–41%, p < 0.01), crude proteins (15%–18%, p < 0.01), phosphorus (0.24%–0.29%, p = 0.02), and iron content (144–360 ppm, p = 0.01). To our knowledge, this is the first report of comparative phenotypic, nutritional, and propagation study of native white prairie clover populations of Canada. The constraints and opportunities for successful domestication of white prairie clover as a forage crop are discussed.

scholarly journals Simulating Dryland Water Availability and Spring Wheat Production in the Northern Great Plains

2013 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiming Qi ◽  
Patricia N. S. Bartling ◽  
Jalal D. Jabro ◽  
Andrew W. Lenssen ◽  
William M. Iversen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Wheat Production
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