Cost and Yield Comparison of Wafer-to-Wafer, Die-to-Wafer, and Die-to-Die Bonding

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 000624-000629
Author(s):  
Amy Palesko ◽  
Chet Palesko
Keyword(s):  
Adhesive Bonding ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
3D Assembly ◽  
Multiple Process ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Die Bonding ◽  
The Cost

There are multiple process options and technologies to consider when creating a product that requires 3D integration. Bonding two wafers (or two die) can be accomplished in various ways, such as with thermocompression, fusion, or adhesive bonding. However, the best assembly process cannot be determined by only studying the pros and cons of the bonding technology itself. There are also three main process flows to consider when pursuing 3D assembly: wafer-to-wafer, die-to-wafer, and die-to-die bonding. This paper will compare the cost and yield for each of these process flows, all of which have advantages and disadvantages depending on the application. Activity based cost modeling will be used to construct three basic process flows, one for each bonding option. The process flows will each be divided into a series of activities, and the total cost of each activity will be accumulated. A variety of cost and yield trade-offs will be conducted using these process flows. The variables the trade-offs will focus on will include die size, throughput, incoming wafer cost, incoming wafer defect density, and residual die defect density. The goal of this analysis is to understand the variables that impact cost and yield when bonding wafers and/or die for a product that requires 3D assembly.

Natural Resource Damage Assessments: Is Cooperation a Good Thing?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 3091-3111
Author(s):  
Robert Haddad ◽  
Brian D. Israel
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
The United States ◽  
Working Relationships ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Environmental Response ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Cost

Abstract It has been nearly 55 years since the United States enacted the Clean Water Act (CWA) in which natural resource damages (NRD) were codified.1 The NRD cause of action, originally derived from the public trust doctrine and common law, was later integrated into the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) in 1980 and into the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) in 1990. In response to the establishment of CERCLA and OPA, the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) was charged with developing and promulgating NRD regulations under CERCLA while the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) was charged to do so under OPA. Originally, DOI’s approach to assessing NRD under CERCLA emphasized monetary compensation, as this was a simple common denominator. Later, under OPA, NOAA’s regulations allowed NRD to be determined by, and compensated with, an ecological currency, e.g., using a Habitat or Resource Equivalency Approach (HEA2, REA3). This focus on putting restoration front and center in NRD assessments (NRDAs)4 was ultimately integrated into the DOI regulations in 2008. A critical and evolving aspect of NRDAs has been the concept of cooperation between the responsible party (RP) and the trustees in undertaking the NRDA (e.g., Israel 2006a; Connor and Gouguet 2005; Reinharz et al. 2005). This approach, supported by NOAA and others, is an effective means to identify and resolve legal uncertainties through stipulations and create working relationships that effectively focus on assessment resolution and restoration implementation; the ultimate outcome being a more rapid path to restoration and a significant decrease in litigation and other transactional costs. Over the past decade, the benefits of cooperative assessments have been questioned. It has been suggested that cooperative NRDAs do little to move the process forward in a timely manner. It has been further implied that cooperation equates to RPs paying up front for the cost of the assessment while the trustees conduct the assessment. In truth, both perspectives are correct, the reality being that cooperation means different things to different people. In this paper, we examine the historical underpinnings of the NRDA regulations, how this led to the development of the cooperative, restoration-based NRDA process, and the pros and cons of the cooperative NRDA process. We identify some of the inherent political, technical, cultural, and legal challenges with the cooperative NRDA paradigm as well as some of the benefits. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cooperation in the context of future NRDA cases, with an eye towards identification of specific processes that may help better understand or predict if cooperation is the best path forward for resolution of NRD liability.

scholarly journals Teleradiology pros and cons: Editorial

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-29
Author(s):  
Abdulwahab Alahmari
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cardiovascular Imaging ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Global Health Care ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Specialized Experts ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Improving Patient Care

All the advances in telemedicine technologies today, especially in teleradiology, improved the global health care for patients worldwide. Teleradiology gave many positive things for health care in general and it has its own limitations or disadvantages as well. This editorial will cover all the advantages and disadvantages of teleradiology. To summarize the advantages of teleradiology are; it helps to offer radiology services for rural areas, solve radiologists shortage, a second opinion from an expert to a local Radiologist, provides readings of a specialized radiologist in a certain field (pediatrics radiology, neuroradiology, cardiovascular imaging, etc.), solve delay of scans interpretation, decrease workload on other Radiologists, fast service, cut the cost, improve recruiting of medical professionals, give an educational chance to expand their experience in different regions, service available all the time, improving patient care, and prevent the need for patients to travel to find medical services or specialized experts.

scholarly journals Pros and cons of e-learning in higher education

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.Р. Хайруллина
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Traditional Education ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Online Technologies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Education Today ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
The Cost

Образование сегодня выглядит совершенно иначе, чем в традиционном понимании. Сегодня высокие технологии во многом определяют, чему и как мы учимся. В будущем их влияние на образование будет только возрастать. Всем университетам необходимо внедрять технические инновации, иначе предлагаемое ими образование перестанет отвечать вызовам времени и потребностям студентов. Чтобы этого не произошло, необходимо развивать цифровое образование и интегрировать его с традиционным. Этому уделяется большое внимание во всем мире: по оценкам, расходы на цифровизацию образования к 2025 году составят не менее 350 миллиардов долларов. В данной статье рассматривается возможный положительный и отрицательный опыт использования онлайн-технологий в преподавании и обучении. Здесь слово «возможный» является центральным, так как полностью общеприменимые вопросы вряд ли можно отследить. Цель статьи - выделить такие преимущества и недостатки онлайн-обучения, которые довольно часто повторяются в ряде педагогических ситуаций и контекстов. Education today looks very different from what we have traditionally understood. Today, high technology largely determines what and how we learn. In the future their influence on education will only increase. All universities need to implement technical innovations, otherwise the education they offer will no longer meet the challenges of our time and the needs of their students. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to develop digital education and integrate it with traditional education. A lot of attention is being paid to this worldwide: it is estimated that the cost of digitalization of education will be at least $350 billion by 2025. This article examines the possible positive and negative experiences of using online technologies in teaching and learning. The word "possible" is central here, as fully applicable issues are unlikely to be traceable. The purpose of the article is to highlight such advantages and disadvantages of online learning, which are quite often repeated in a number of pedagogical situations and contexts.

A Cost and Yield Analysis of Wafer-to-wafer Bonding

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 000401-000418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Palesko ◽  
Chet Palesko
Keyword(s):  
Wafer Bonding ◽  
Bonding Process ◽  
Technology Selection ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
Die Bonding ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

When a product requires the bonding of two die or wafers, there are a number of methods that may be used. Not only does the type of bonding process itself have to be selected, but it must also be determined whether the items being bonded will be in wafer or die form. This paper will focus on wafer-to-wafer bonding, which has the highest throughput compared to die-to-wafer and die-to-die bonding; it also has the potential to be the lowest cost option if proper yields are achieved. This paper will introduce the background and general pros and cons of wafer-to-wafer, die-to-wafer, and die-to-die bonding. Activity based cost modeling will be used to construct a generic flow of a wafer-to-wafer bonding process. The process flow will be divided into a series of activities, and the total cost of each activity will be identified. The cost of each activity will be determined by analyzing the following attributes: time required, amount of labor required, cost of material required (consumable and permanent), tooling cost, depreciation cost of the equipment, and yield loss associated with the activity. The model will be used to explore multiple variables that affect the total cost of the wafer-to-wafer bonding process, including: incoming wafer cost, incoming wafer defect density, time required for the dicing process, time required for the bonding process, cost of the equipment for the bonding process, and the yield of the bonding process. First, a sensitivity analysis will be conducted to determine the impact each variable has on the total cost. Then scenarios will be created to conduct trade-offs between multiple variables. Only one, generic wafer-to-wafer bonding model will be created, but there will be enough variables to accurately reflect different bonding methods in use by the industry today. Methods for bonding two wafers together will also be discussed in the paper, as well as the cost and yield issues associated with each. An example of these methods are thermo compression bonding and direct bonding. The goal of this analysis will be to understand the cost and yield drivers associated with wafer-to-wafer bonding, and to determine scenarios in which wafer-to-wafer bonding is a suitable, cost effective technology selection.

Main approaches to estimating the cost of shareholder equity of oil and gas producers

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-697
Author(s):  
O.V. Shimko
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Free Cash Flow ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
The Cost

Subject. The study analyzes generally accepted approaches to assessing the value of companies on the basis of financial statement data of ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Occidental Petroleum, Devon Energy, Anadarko Petroleum, EOG Resources, Apache, Marathon Oil, Imperial Oil, Suncor Energy, Husky Energy, Canadian Natural Resources, Royal Dutch Shell, Gazprom, Rosneft, LUKOIL, and others, for 1999—2018. Objectives. The aim is to determine the specifics of using the methods of cost, DFC, and comparative approaches to assessing the value of share capital of oil and gas companies. Methods. The study employs methods of statistical analysis and generalization of materials of scientific articles and official annual reports on the results of financial and economic activities of the largest public oil and gas corporations. Results. Based on the results of a comprehensive analysis, I identified advantages and disadvantages of standard approaches to assessing the value of oil and gas producers. Conclusions. The paper describes pros and cons of the said approaches. For instance, the cost approach is acceptable for assessing the minimum cost of small companies in the industry. The DFC-based approach complicates the reliability of medium-term forecasts for oil prices due to fluctuations in oil prices inherent in the industry, on which the net profit and free cash flow of companies depend to a large extent. The comparative approach enables to quickly determine the range of possible value of the corporation based on transactions data and current market situation.

Classification of the factors forming the cost of the web-site

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
E. S. Epifanov
Keyword(s):  
Web Site ◽  
Internet Site ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Web

This article presents a classification of major factors that shape the cost of Internet site. Also discusses the limitations in determining the objectives of the web site; advantages and disadvantages of different factors.

scholarly journals Microscopy Methods for Biofilm Imaging: Focus on SEM and VP-SEM Pros and Cons

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Michela Relucenti ◽  
Giuseppe Familiari ◽  
Orlando Donfrancesco ◽  
Maurizio Taurino ◽  
Xiaobo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Variable Pressure ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Scanning Electron

Several imaging methodologies have been used in biofilm studies, contributing to deepening the knowledge on their structure. This review illustrates the most widely used microscopy techniques in biofilm investigations, focusing on traditional and innovative scanning electron microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), variable pressure SEM (VP-SEM), environmental SEM (ESEM), and the more recent ambiental SEM (ASEM), ending with the cutting edge Cryo-SEM and focused ion beam SEM (FIB SEM), highlighting the pros and cons of several methods with particular emphasis on conventional SEM and VP-SEM. As each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages, the choice of the most appropriate method must be done carefully, based on the specific aim of the study. The evaluation of the drug effects on biofilm requires imaging methods that show the most detailed ultrastructural features of the biofilm. In this kind of research, the use of scanning electron microscopy with customized protocols such as osmium tetroxide (OsO4), ruthenium red (RR), tannic acid (TA) staining, and ionic liquid (IL) treatment is unrivalled for its image quality, magnification, resolution, minimal sample loss, and actual sample structure preservation. The combined use of innovative SEM protocols and 3-D image analysis software will allow for quantitative data from SEM images to be extracted; in this way, data from images of samples that have undergone different antibiofilm treatments can be compared.

scholarly journals A framework for reducing the overhead of the quantum oracle for use with Grover’s algorithm with applications to cryptanalysis of SIKE

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-156
Author(s):  
Jean-François Biasse ◽  
Benjamin Pring
Keyword(s):  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Circuit Complexity ◽  
Quantum Circuit ◽  
Grover’S Algorithm ◽  
Search Problems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Grover's Algorithm ◽  
Quantum Oracle ◽  
The Cost

AbstractIn this paper we provide a framework for applying classical search and preprocessing to quantum oracles for use with Grover’s quantum search algorithm in order to lower the quantum circuit-complexity of Grover’s algorithm for single-target search problems. This has the effect (for certain problems) of reducing a portion of the polynomial overhead contributed by the implementation cost of quantum oracles and can be used to provide either strict improvements or advantageous trade-offs in circuit-complexity. Our results indicate that it is possible for quantum oracles for certain single-target preimage search problems to reduce the quantum circuit-size from $O\left(2^{n/2}\cdot mC\right)$ (where C originates from the cost of implementing the quantum oracle) to $O(2^{n/2} \cdot m\sqrt{C})$ without the use of quantum ram, whilst also slightly reducing the number of required qubits.This framework captures a previous optimisation of Grover’s algorithm using preprocessing [21] applied to cryptanalysis, providing new asymptotic analysis. We additionally provide insights and asymptotic improvements on recent cryptanalysis [16] of SIKE [14] via Grover’s algorithm, demonstrating that the speedup applies to this attack and impacting upon quantum security estimates [16] incorporated into the SIKE specification [14].

scholarly journals Advances in Applying Computer-Aided Drug Design for Neurodegenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4688
Author(s):  
Mootaz M. Salman ◽  
Zaid Al-Obaidi ◽  
Philip Kitchen ◽  
Andrea Loreto ◽  
Roslyn M. Bill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Design ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Computer Aided Drug Design ◽  
Biological Assays ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Research Challenge ◽  
The Cost

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease are incurable and affect millions of people worldwide. The development of treatments for this unmet clinical need is a major global research challenge. Computer-aided drug design (CADD) methods minimize the huge number of ligands that could be screened in biological assays, reducing the cost, time, and effort required to develop new drugs. In this review, we provide an introduction to CADD and examine the progress in applying CADD and other molecular docking studies to NDs. We provide an updated overview of potential therapeutic targets for various NDs and discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of these tools.

scholarly journals Wideband Rectangular Foldable and Non-foldable Antenna for Internet of Things Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve W. Y. Mung ◽  
Cheuk Yin Cheung ◽  
Ka Ming Wu ◽  
Joseph S. M. Yuen
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Multiple Frequency ◽  
Wireless Applications ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Cost

This article presents a simple wideband rectangular antenna in foldable and non-foldable (printed circuit board (PCB)) structures for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Both are simple structures with two similar rectangular metal planes which cover multiple frequency bands such as GPS, WCDMA/LTE, and 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands. This wideband antenna is suitable to integrate into the short- and long-range wireless applications such as the short-range 2.4 GHz ISM band and standard cellular bands. This lowers the overall size of the product as well as the cost in the applications. In this article, the configuration and operation principle are presented as well as its trade-offs on the design parameters. Simulated and experimental results of foldable and non-foldable (PCB) structures show that the antenna is suited for IoT applications.

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