A Cost and Yield Analysis of Wafer-to-wafer Bonding

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 000401-000418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Palesko ◽  
Chet Palesko
Keyword(s):  
Wafer Bonding ◽  
Bonding Process ◽  
Technology Selection ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
Die Bonding ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

When a product requires the bonding of two die or wafers, there are a number of methods that may be used. Not only does the type of bonding process itself have to be selected, but it must also be determined whether the items being bonded will be in wafer or die form. This paper will focus on wafer-to-wafer bonding, which has the highest throughput compared to die-to-wafer and die-to-die bonding; it also has the potential to be the lowest cost option if proper yields are achieved. This paper will introduce the background and general pros and cons of wafer-to-wafer, die-to-wafer, and die-to-die bonding. Activity based cost modeling will be used to construct a generic flow of a wafer-to-wafer bonding process. The process flow will be divided into a series of activities, and the total cost of each activity will be identified. The cost of each activity will be determined by analyzing the following attributes: time required, amount of labor required, cost of material required (consumable and permanent), tooling cost, depreciation cost of the equipment, and yield loss associated with the activity. The model will be used to explore multiple variables that affect the total cost of the wafer-to-wafer bonding process, including: incoming wafer cost, incoming wafer defect density, time required for the dicing process, time required for the bonding process, cost of the equipment for the bonding process, and the yield of the bonding process. First, a sensitivity analysis will be conducted to determine the impact each variable has on the total cost. Then scenarios will be created to conduct trade-offs between multiple variables. Only one, generic wafer-to-wafer bonding model will be created, but there will be enough variables to accurately reflect different bonding methods in use by the industry today. Methods for bonding two wafers together will also be discussed in the paper, as well as the cost and yield issues associated with each. An example of these methods are thermo compression bonding and direct bonding. The goal of this analysis will be to understand the cost and yield drivers associated with wafer-to-wafer bonding, and to determine scenarios in which wafer-to-wafer bonding is a suitable, cost effective technology selection.

scholarly journals The Development of Patient Scheduling Groups for an Effective Appointment System

2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 43-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Li Huang
Keyword(s):  
Access To Care ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Patient Scheduling ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Patient Type ◽  
Clinic Efficiency ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

SummaryPatient access to care and long wait times has been identified as major problems in outpatient delivery systems. These aspects impact medical staff productivity, service quality, clinic efficiency, and health-care cost.This study proposed to redesign existing patient types into scheduling groups so that the total cost of clinic flow and scheduling flexibility was minimized. The optimal scheduling group aimed to improve clinic efficiency and accessibility.The proposed approach used the simulation optimization technique and was demonstrated in a Primary Care physician clinic. Patient type included, emergency/urgent care (ER/UC), follow-up (FU), new patient (NP), office visit (OV), physical exam (PE), and well child care (WCC). One scheduling group was designed for this physician. The approach steps were to collect physician treatment time data for each patient type, form the possible scheduling groups, simulate daily clinic flow and patient appointment requests, calculate costs of clinic flow as well as appointment flexibility, and find the scheduling group that minimized the total cost.The cost of clinic flow was minimized at the scheduling group of four, an 8.3% reduction from the group of one. The four groups were: 1. WCC, 2. OV, 3. FU and ER/UC, and 4. PE and NP. The cost of flexibility was always minimized at the group of one. The total cost was minimized at the group of two. WCC was considered separate and the others were grouped together. The total cost reduction was 1.3% from the group of one.This study provided an alternative method of redesigning patient scheduling groups to address the impact on both clinic flow and appointment accessibility. Balance between them ensured the feasibility to the recognized issues of patient service and access to care. The robustness of the proposed method on the changes of clinic conditions was also discussed.

Cost Comparison of Panel Level and Wafer Level Fan-out Packaging

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 000141-000164
Author(s):  
Amy Lujan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Cost Modeling ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Process Flow ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Large Panels ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, the possibility of panels replacing wafers in some fan-out applications has been a topic of interest. Questions of cost and yield continue to arise even as the industry appears to be full steam ahead. While large panels allow for more packages to be produced at once, the cost does not scale simply based on how many more packages can be generated from a panel over a wafer. This analysis begins by breaking down the types of cost and will discuss how those types of cost are impacted (or not) by the shift from wafer to panel. Activity based cost modeling is used; this is a detailed, bottom-up approach that takes into account each type of cost for each activity in a process flow. Two complete cost models were constructed for this analysis. A variety of package sizes are analyzed, and multiple panel sizes are included as well. For each set of activities in the fan-out process flow, there is an explanation of how the process changes with the move to panel, including assumptions related to throughput, equipment price, and materials. The cost reduction that may be achieved at each package and panel size will be presented for each processing segment. The focus of this analysis is on the details of each segment of the process flow, but results for the total cost of various packages will also be presented. There is also a section of analysis related to the impact of yield on the competitiveness of panel processing.

scholarly journals Predicting Field Efficiency of Round-Baling Operations in High-Yielding Biomass Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-457
Author(s):  
Robert “Bobby” Grisso ◽  
John S. Cundiff ◽  
Erin G. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Field Performance ◽  
Throughput Capacity ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Maximum Throughput ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Biomass Crops ◽  
Field Efficiency ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Model simulations for bioenergy harvest planning need to utilize equipment-capacity relationships for equipment operating under the high-yield conditions typical of a biomass crop. These performance assumptions have a direct bearing on the estimates of machine capacity, the number of machines required, and, therefore, the cost to fulfill the biorefinery plant demands for a given harvest window. Typically, two major issues in these models have been poorly understood: the available time required to complete the harvest operation (often called probability of workdays) and the capacity of the harvest equipment as impacted by yield. Simulations use annual yield estimates, which incorporate weather events, to demonstrate year-to-year effects. Some simulations also incorporate potential yield increases from genetically modified energy crops. There are limited field performance data for most current forage equipment used for harvesting high-yield biomass crops. Analysis shows that the impact of wrap/eject time for round balers resulted in a 50% reduction in achieved throughput capacity (Mg/h). After the maximum throughput is reached, the cost of the round bale operation (3.23 USD/Mg) is double that of the large-square baler (1.63 USD/Mg). The round baler achieved throughput capacity is 50% less (32.7 Mg/h compared to 71.0 Mg/h) than the large-square baler.

scholarly journals The Impact of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Therapy Management on the Oncology Care Model

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 2265-2265
Author(s):  
Elias J. Jabbour ◽  
Martin F Mendiola ◽  
Melissa Lingohr-Smith ◽  
Brandy Menges ◽  
Jay Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Episode Of Care ◽  
Oncology Care ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction: In an Oncology Care Model (OCM) setting, practices may earn a Performance-Based Payment (PBP) for a reduction in the costs of treating participating Medicare patients during a 6-month episode of care. An Excel-based decision analytics model was developed to evaluate the cost-savings associated with implementing changes in the usage of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) among patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) within a typical OCM practice and the impact it could have on a practice potentially receiving a PBP. Methods: The default scenario is based on an OCM practice that treats 1,000 cancer patients during a 6-month episode of care. The types of cancers treated and the proportions of patients treated in the OCM practice were estimated from an OCM baseline report; all-cause healthcare costs for each cancer type were obtained from published literature. CML patients were stratified into newly-diagnosed and established TKI-treated patients. The percentages of CML patients on each of the TKIs (branded and generic imatinib [1st-gen TKIs], as well as dasatinib and nilotinib [2nd-gen TKIs]) within each stratum were estimated using market share data from April 2018. The 2018 Wholesales Acquisition Costs for the TKIs were obtained from RedBook. It was assumed that, if a practice implements the policy of restricting utilization of branded TKIs as a cost-cutting measure, 80% of the current market share of branded imatinib would shift to the generic and 50% of the current market shares of 2nd-gen TKIs would shift to generic imatinib. Among established TKI-treated patients, it was assumed that 80% of the current market share of branded imatinib would shift to the generic, whereas no patients treated with 2nd-gen TKIs would be switched to generic imatinib due to the lack of supporting evidence, physician and patient apprehension, some patients already having used imatinib, among other reasons. The relationship between the savings achieved from restricting utilization of 2nd-gen TKIs and the savings required for the OCM practice to receive a PBP using either a one-sided or two-sided risk model was evaluated. Results: The total healthcare costs of an OCM practice that treats 1,000 cancer patients for 6 months were estimated at $51,345,812. It was estimated that there would only be 4 CML patients in a 1,000-patient OCM practice, 1 newly-diagnosed and 3 established TKI-treated patients. Implementing the policy of restricting utilization of 2nd-gen TKIs for patients with CML would save a practice $12,970 during the 6-month episode of care, while $25,250 would be saved through a branded to generic imatinib shift (Table). For a 1,000-patient OCM practice participating in a one-sided risk model, a total cost-savings of $3,013,832 is required for it to be eligible for a PBP. In this scenario, the cost reduction associated with a shift from 2nd-gen TKIs to generic imatinib amounts to only 0.4% of the required total cost-savings threshold before the practice is eligible for a PBP. For a 1,000-patient OCM practice participating in a two-sided risk model, a total cost-savings of $2,372,010 is required for it to be eligible for a PBP. In this case, the cost reduction associated with a shift from 2nd-gen TKIs to generic imatinib amounts to only 0.5% of the required total cost-savings threshold before the practice is eligible for a PBP. Conclusions: This economic model indicates that the cost-savings associated with restricting branded TKI utilization among CML patients in an OCM setting will represent only a very small portion of the cost-savings required before an OCM practice is eligible for a PBP. Of the reduction in TKI costs, approximately two-thirds was attributed to the shift from branded to generic imatinib. Restricting utilization of the 2nd-gen TKIs contributed a negligible amount of savings required for a PBP. The cost-savings opportunities in CML in the OCM setting are limited by how few CML patients would be affected by restrictions. Disclosures Jabbour: Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding. Mendiola:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Employment. Lingohr-Smith:Novosys Health: Employment. Menges:Novosys Health: Employment. Lin:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Novosys Health: Employment. Makenbaeva:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Employment.

scholarly journals Managing quality of cost information in clinical costing: evidence across seven countries

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Chapman ◽  
Anja Kern ◽  
Aziza Laguecir ◽  
Gerardine Doyle ◽  
Nathalie Angelé-Halgand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Regulatory Guidance ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose is to assess the impact of clinical costing approaches on the quality of cost information in seven countries (Denmark, England, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Portugal).Design/methodology/approachCosting practices in seven countries were analysed via questionnaires, interviews and relevant published material.FindingsAlthough clinical costing is intended to support a similar range of purposes, countries display considerable diversity in their approaches to costing in terms of the level of detail contained in regulatory guidance and the percentage of providers subject to such guidance for tariff setting. Guidance in all countries involves a mix of costing methods.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors propose a two-dimensional Materiality and Quality Score (2D MAQS) of costing systems that can support the complex trade-offs in managing the quality of cost information at both policy and provider level, and between financial and clinical concerns.Originality/valueThe authors explore the trade-offs between different dimensions of the quality (accuracy, decision relevance and standardization) and the cost of collecting and analysing cost information for disparate purposes.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub>-mediated freshwater acidification limits survival, calcification, metabolism, and behaviour in stress-tolerant freshwater crustaceans

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 6287-6300
Author(s):  
Alex R. Quijada-Rodriguez ◽  
Pou-Long Kuan ◽  
Po-Hsuan Sung ◽  
Mao-Ting Hsu ◽  
Garett J. P. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Mitten Crab ◽  
Mitten Crabs ◽  
Freshwater Acidification ◽  
Locomotory Behaviour ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Dissolution of anthropogenic CO2 is chronically acidifying aquatic ecosystems. Studies indicate that ocean acidification will cause marine life, especially calcifying species, to suffer at the organism and ecosystem levels. In comparison, freshwater acidification has received less attention, rendering its consequences unclear. Here, juvenile Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis, were used as a crustacean model to investigate the impact of CO2-mediated freshwater acidification. Our integrative approach, investigating changes in the animal's acid–base homeostasis, metabolism, calcification, locomotory behaviour, and survival rate, indicates that this economically relevant crustacean will face energetic consequences from future freshwater acidification. These energetic trade-offs allow the animal to maintain its acid–base homeostasis at the cost of reduced metabolic activity, exoskeletal calcification, and locomotion, reducing the animal's overall fitness and increasing its mortality. Results indicate that present-day Chinese mitten crab could be heavily affected by freshwater acidification like their marine counterparts and emphasize the importance of understanding the long-term implications of freshwater acidification on species' fitness.

OP37 Impact On Uncertainty Of Disaggregating Cost Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 8-9
Author(s):  
Conor Teljeur ◽  
Paul Carty ◽  
Máirín Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Utility ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Robot Assisted ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Uncertainty Set ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cost Components

IntroductionEconomic models contain several parameters ordinarily subject to uncertainty. Unlike most other model parameters, costs can constitute numerous distinct components. For example, a surgical intervention can require a variety of disposables and reusable equipment. A micro-costing output may be disaggregated or presented as a total cost. Uncertainty could be applied to individual cost components or to total cost. We aimed to explore how disaggregation of cost data may impact on uncertainty using a case study.MethodsA set of simulations using hypothetical scenarios were developed with uncertainty set at ± 20 percent. The simulations investigated the impact of number of cost components, balance between components, and correlation between them. A cost-utility model from an assessment of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy was analyzed; procedure cost was divided into 32 individual cost components or treated as a total cost.ResultsBased on five equal cost components, uncertainty reduces from ± 20 percent for correlated variables to ± 9 percent for uncorrelated variables. With increasing numbers of uncorrelated cost components, the uncertainty in the total cost decreases markedly. The uncertainty around total robot-assisted surgery procedure equipment costs was ± 19.7 percent when components were correlated and ± 9.4 percent when uncorrelated. The impact on uncertainty in the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) was negligible but the ranking of parameters in the univariate sensitivity analysis changed.ConclusionsAnalyzing uncertainty by aggregated or disaggregated costs can have implications for presenting uncertainty in costs to decision makers. Applying uncertainty to aggregated costs essentially implies that variation in the cost of individual components is perfectly correlated. By disaggregating cost components they are being treated as uncorrelated, which can substantially reduce uncertainty in the total cost. In this case study we found that although the reduction in uncertainty could be clearly seen in the cost parameter, it had a negligible impact on uncertainty in the ICER.

scholarly journals Contingent Convertible Debt: The Impact on Equity Holders

Risks ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Boursicot ◽  
Geneviève Gauthier ◽  
Farhad Pourkalbassi
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Debt Ratio ◽  
Convertible Debt ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Contingent Convertible Debt ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Capital Structure

Contingent Convertible (CoCo) is a hybrid debt issued by banks with a specific feature forcing its conversion to equity in the event of the bank’s financial distress. CoCo carries two major risks: the risk of default, which threatens any type of debt instrument, plus the exclusive risk of mandatory conversion. In this paper, we propose a model to value CoCo debt instruments as a function of the debt ratio. Although the CoCo is a more expensive instrument than traditional debt, its presence in the capital structure lowers the cost of ordinary debt and reduces the total cost of debt. For preliminary equity holders, the presence of CoCo in the bank’s capital structure increases the shareholder’s aggregate value.

Cost and Yield Comparison of Wafer-to-Wafer, Die-to-Wafer, and Die-to-Die Bonding

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 000624-000629
Author(s):  
Amy Palesko ◽  
Chet Palesko
Keyword(s):  
Adhesive Bonding ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
3D Assembly ◽  
Multiple Process ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Die Bonding ◽  
The Cost

There are multiple process options and technologies to consider when creating a product that requires 3D integration. Bonding two wafers (or two die) can be accomplished in various ways, such as with thermocompression, fusion, or adhesive bonding. However, the best assembly process cannot be determined by only studying the pros and cons of the bonding technology itself. There are also three main process flows to consider when pursuing 3D assembly: wafer-to-wafer, die-to-wafer, and die-to-die bonding. This paper will compare the cost and yield for each of these process flows, all of which have advantages and disadvantages depending on the application. Activity based cost modeling will be used to construct three basic process flows, one for each bonding option. The process flows will each be divided into a series of activities, and the total cost of each activity will be accumulated. A variety of cost and yield trade-offs will be conducted using these process flows. The variables the trade-offs will focus on will include die size, throughput, incoming wafer cost, incoming wafer defect density, and residual die defect density. The goal of this analysis is to understand the variables that impact cost and yield when bonding wafers and/or die for a product that requires 3D assembly.

Integrated GaAs Diode Technology for Millimeter and Submillimeter-wave Components and Systems

2000 ◽  
Vol 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Crowe ◽  
Jeffrey L. Hesler ◽  
William L. Bishop ◽  
Willie E. Bowen ◽  
Richard F. Bradley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wafer Bonding ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Flip Chip ◽  
Quartz Substrate ◽  
Submillimeter Wave ◽  
Bonding Process ◽  
Circuit Performance ◽  
Embedding Impedance ◽  
Compact Range ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACTGaAs Schottky barrier diodes remain a workhorse technology for submillimeter-wave applications including radio astronomy, chemical spectroscopy, atmospheric studies, plasma diagnostics and compact range radar. This is because of the inherent speed of these devices and their ability to operate at room temperature. Although planar (flip-chip and beam-lead) diodes are replacing whisker contacted diodes throughout this frequency range, the handling and placement of such small GaAs chips limits performance and greatly increases component costs. Through the use of a novel wafer bonding process we have fabricated and tested submillimeter-wave components where the GaAs diode is integrated on a quartz substrate along with other circuit elements such as filters, probes and bias lines. This not only eliminates the cost of handling microscopically small chips, but also improves circuit performance. This is because the parasitic capacitance is reduced by the elimination of the GaAs substrate and the electrical embedding impedance seen by the diodes is more precisely controlled. Our wafer bonding process has been demonstrated through the fabrication and testing of a fundamental mixer at 585 GHz (Tmix < 1200K) and a 380 GHz subharmonically pumped mixer (Tmix < 1000K). This paper reviews the wafer bonding process and discusses how it can be used to greatly improve the performance and manufacturability of submillimeter-wave components.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document