Developments in detection and determination of aflatoxins

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Yao ◽  
Z. Hruska ◽  
J. Diana Di Mavungu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Simple Detection ◽  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Sample Testing ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
User Friendly

Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, much research has focused on detecting the toxins in contaminated food and feedstuffs in the interest of public safety. Most traditional detection methods involved lengthy culturing and/or separation techniques or analytical instrumentation and complex, multistep procedures that required destruction of samples for accurate toxin determination. With more regulations for acceptable levels of aflatoxins in place, modern analytical methods have become quite sophisticated, capable of achieving results with very high precision and accuracy, suitable for regulatory laboratories and for post-harvest sample testing in developed countries. Unfortunately, many countries around the world that are affected by the aflatoxin problem do not have ready access to high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry instrumentation and require alternate, readily available and simple detection methods that may be used by small holdings farmers in developing countries. This paper presents an overview of the existing detection and/or determination methods for aflatoxins. The traditional, quantitative, chemically-based analytical strategies for detecting aflatoxins in maize and their evolution to the modern instrumentation routinely used in developed countries are reviewed. Additionally, novel, more streamlined, user-friendly and in some instances, non-destructive, methods that may be useful for semi-quantitative or qualitative, quick-screening of contaminated maize samples appropriate also for use in developing countries, are discussed.

Forward planning: meeting the requirements. The world food and agricultural situation

1973 ◽  
Vol 267 (882) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Technological Problem ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
World Food ◽  
Planning Meeting ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Obvious Feature

The world food and agricultural situation in the 1980s must be looked at, as now, in terms of the division between developed and developing countries. While there will still be problems in the developed countries - such as surpluses - the great crisis will remain in the developing countries. The most obvious feature of the crisis is the balance between the increase in population and the increase in food production. In the 1960s, the balance was extremely precarious and, in the first two years of the 1970s, population actually grew faster than production. Hence, it is imperative to accelerate the increase in production in the developing countries. In order to achieve this, it is important to see to what extent the obstacles are due to lack of knowledge on how to obtain more from natural resources - primarily a technological problem - and to what extent they are due to the weaknesses of human institutions and of the political will for change. In addition, the prospects for a more rational and hopeful world food and agricultural situation in the 1980s will depend very largely on how the national agricultural production and trade policies of both developed and developing countries can be modified by practical steps towards international agricultural adjustment for the benefit of all.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Electrochemical Biosensors for TNF-α Cytokines Detection in Body Fluids

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Lu ◽  
Qingqing Zhou ◽  
Lin Xu
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Simple Detection

The measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which is an important indicator of the inflammatory process, has received increasing attention recently because it is easy to extract from body fluid and serves as an early sign of a serious systemic inflammatory disease. Developing fast and simple detection methods to quantify the concentration of TNF-α is essential. Saliva, tears, and urine, which can easily be sampled in a non-invasive way, are considered to be important matrices for monitoring and assessing the physiological status of humans; importantly, they also provide an ideal window for monitoring the concentration of TNF-α. As a fast, accurate, inexpensive, portable, and scalable method, electrochemical biosensors are very promising for biomarker detection in matrices obtained in a non-invasive manner. This review summarises and compares the electrochemical biosensors for the detection of TNF-α in a non-invasive manner and highlights recent advances and future prospects in developing high-performance electrochemical platforms for noninvasive measurement of TNF-α.

scholarly journals Development of Circular Economy Concept: Historical Background

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
Yuliia Maksymiv ◽  
Valentyna Yakubiv ◽  
Iryna Hryhoruk ◽  
Viktoriia Kravtsiv
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Business Structures ◽  
Basic Approaches ◽  
The 1960S

Nowadays, sharp economic growth has increasingly depended on utilizing different resources causing environmental issues and hindering sustainable development. Consequently, governments of developed countries, the public sector, representatives of business structures, and scientists look at the circular economy as a way to support achieving sustainable development goals.  The article aims at researching the historical background of the development of circular economy, analyzing the basic approaches and their possible usage for spreading this concept in developing countries, such as Ukraine. It is mentioned that the concept of circular economy cannot be traced back to a single author or date when it appeared. The concept of circular economy was inspired by several schools of thought with overlapping approaches, which demonstrates the relevance of distinguishing evolutionary phases and framings of a concept. The article presents a historical overview of the development of the concept of circular economy since the 1960s. The stages of adoption of regulations in the EU in the field of promoting the transition to a circular economy are highlighted, key milestones and key actions that actively began in 2015 and continue to this day, are described. This positive experience should be taken as a basis in developing countries, where the circular economy is in its infancy. The article also analyzes the highly cited scientific papers in the Scopus Scientometric Database and the basic definitions of the concept of "circular economy".  Our findings indicate that the circular economy necessitates a systemic shift in the state policy of Ukraine, as well as economic science, and it should be aimed at developing a clear strategy and improving basic regulations in this area to increase the social responsibility of both businesses and local communities. The growth of a circular economy will benefit everyone within the limits of this planet.

Design in Developing Countries 1950 – 1985: a summing-up

1986 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Papanek
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Third World ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Third World ◽  
International Experts

Since 1950, and increasingly through the 1960s, designers from developed countries tried to help with the design problems of developing societies. They were usually more successful when they lived in the country in question for an extended period and worked closely with local people. During the 1970s developing countries became more independent and able to design for themselves. Little has been written about design in the Third World other than official and conference reports. A seminar in 1975 demonstrated that cooperation between countries, leading to self-help, should replace reliance on ‘international experts’. The most urgent need now is for a breakthrough in alternative energy technology, and this is most likely to come from the Third World.

scholarly journals Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: A Narrative Review

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Chiara Monfredini ◽  
Francesco Cavallin ◽  
Paolo Ernesto Villani ◽  
Giuseppe Paterlini ◽  
Benedetta Allais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ◽  
Meconium Aspiration ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid

Meconium aspiration syndrome is a clinical condition characterized by respiratory failure occurring in neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Worldwide, the incidence has declined in developed countries thanks to improved obstetric practices and perinatal care while challenges persist in developing countries. Despite the improved survival rate over the last decades, long-term morbidity among survivors remains a major concern. Since the 1960s, relevant changes have occurred in the perinatal and postnatal management of such patients but the most appropriate approach is still a matter of debate. This review offers an updated overview of the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management and prognosis of infants with meconium aspiration syndrome.

Emerging Nutrition Gaps in a World of Affluence - Micronutrient Intake and Status Globally

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Eggersdorfer ◽  
Paul Walter
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
New Science ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Micronutrient Intake

Nutrition is important for human health in all stages of life - from conception to old age. Today we know much more about the molecular basis of nutrition. Most importantly, we have learnt that micronutrients, among other factors, interact with genes, and new science is increasingly providing more tools to clarify this interrelation between health and nutrition. Sufficient intake of vitamins is essential to achieve maximum health benefit. It is well established that in developing countries, millions of people still suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. However, it is far less recognized that we face micronutrient insufficiencies also in developed countries.

Quantification of Vitamin A in Fortified Rapeseed, Groundnut and Soya Oils Using a Simple Portable Device: Comparison to High Performance Liquid Chromatography

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Renaud ◽  
Jacques Berger ◽  
Arnaud Laillou ◽  
Sylvie Avallone
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Portable Device ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Assay Precision

Vitamin A deficiency is still one of the major public health problems in least developed countries. Fortification of vegetable oils is a strategy implemented worldwide to prevent this deficiency. For a fortification program to be effective, regular monitoring is necessary to control food quality in the producing units. The reference methods for vitamin A quantification are expensive and time-consuming. A rapid method should be useful for regular assessment of vitamin A in the oil industry. A portable device was compared to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for three plant oils (rapeseed, groundnut, and soya). The device presented a good linearity from 3 to 30 mg retinol equivalents per kg (mg RE.kg- 1). Its limits of detection and quantification were 3 mg RE.kg- 1 for groundnut and rapeseed oils and 4 mg RE.kg- 1 for soya oil. The intra-assay precision ranged from 1.48 % to 3.98 %, considered satisfactory. Accuracy estimated by the root mean squares error ranged from 3.99 to 5.49 and revealed a lower precision than HPLC (0.4 to 2.25). Although it offers less precision than HPLC, the device estimates quickly the vitamin A content of the tested oils from 3 or 4 to 15 mg RE.kg- 1.

Country Rankings of Women's Status: An Alternative Index

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (4III) ◽  
pp. 1025-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Mohiuddln
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Women's Status ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Women’S Status ◽  
Country Rankings ◽  
Population Crisis ◽  
Status Of Women

The purpose of the present paper is to formulate a composite index of the status of women and to rank both developed and developing countries on the basis of that index. This index is presented as an alternative or complement to the current status of women index, published by the Population Crisis Committee (PCC) and used by the World Bank and the United Nations, which focuses on indicators measuring health, education, employment, marriage and childbearing, and social equality. The paper argues that these indicators have a poverty-bias and measure women's status in terms of structural change rather than in terms of their welfare vis-ii-vis men. The PCC index is also based on the implicit assumption that women's status in developing countries ought to be defined in a similar way as in developed countries, thus including primarily only those indicators which are more relevant for developed countries. To remedy these defects, the paper presents an alternative composite index, hereafter labelled the Alternative Composite (AC) index, based on many more indicators reflecting women's issues in both developed and developing countries. The results of the statistical analysis show that the ranking of countries based on the AC index is significantly different from the PCC index.

International Economic Assistance in the 1970's — A Critique of Partners in Development (Review Article)

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-490
Author(s):  
Nurul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Service Charge ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Defence Expenditure

Foreign economic aid is at the cross-roads. There is an atmosphere of gloom and disenchantment surrounding international aid in both the developed and developing countries — more so in the former than in the latter. Doubts have grown in the developed countries, especially among the conservatives in these countries, as to the effectiveness of aid in promoting economic development, the wastes and inefficiency involved in the use of aid, the adequacy of self-help on the part of the recipient countries in husbanding and mobilising their own resources for development and the dangers of getting involved, through ex¬tensive foreign-aid operations, in military or diplomatic conflicts. The waning of confidence on the part of the donors in the rationale of foreign aid has been accentuated by an increasing concern with their domestic problems as well as by the occurrence of armed conflicts among the poor, aid-recipient countries strengthened by substantial defence expenditure that diverts resources away from development. The disenchantment on the part of the recipient countries is, on the other hand, associated with the inadequacy of aid, the stop-go nature of its flow in many cases, and the intrusion of noneconomic considerations governing the allocation of aid amongst the recipient countries. There is a reaction in the developing countries against the dependence, political and eco¬nomic, which heavy reliance on foreign aid generates. The threat of the in¬creasing burden of debt-service charge haunts the developing world and brings them back to the donors for renewed assistance and/or debt rescheduling.

IMPACT OF NATIONAL DISASTER COVID-19, INDONESIA TOWARDS ECONOMIC RECESSION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
endang naryono
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Disaster

Covid-19 or the corona virus is a virus that has become a disaster and a global humanitarian disaster began in December 2019 in Wuhan province in China, April 2020 the spread of the corona virus has spread throughout the world making the greatest humanitarian disaster in the history of human civilization after the war world II, Already tens of thousands of people have died, millions of people have been infected with the conona virus from poor countries, developing countries to developed countries overwhelmed by this virus outbreak. Increasingly, the spread follows a series of measurements while patients who recover recover from a series of counts so that this epidemic becomes a very frightening disaster plus there is no drug or vaccine for this corona virus yet found, so that all countries implement strategies to reduce this spread from social distancing, phycal distancing to with a city or country lockdown.

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