Hybrid Conductor-Supported Tripod Platform: Brownfield Design Perspective to Unlock Production Capacity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selma Nur Ozkul ◽  
Wen-Xing Huang ◽  
Stephane Taxy
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Lateral Loads ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Structural Capacity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Production Increase ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Hybrid Conductor ◽  
Design And Construction

Objectives/Scope Oil and gas companies have shifted their investment priorities to low CAPEX brownfield projects in response to historically low oil and gas prices. One approach is to increase the production by drilling new wells and tying them back to existing tripods. However, existing tripods have limited as-built design data and are usually near the allowable structural capacity limits. This study introduces a novel concept of the "hybrid conductor-supported tripod" to support the new wellheads. This approach minimizes the need to modify the existing tripods. Methods, Procedures, Process The hybrid conductor-supported tripod utilizes the new well conductors to support the wellheads, extends to the existing tripod topside to support the production facilities, and resists lateral loads from the new wellheads. Such hybrid conductor-supported tripod takes advantage of the axial compression capacities of the new conductors while its lateral resistance is provided by integrating only the new topside with the existing tripod's topside. Thus, the underwater structural modifications of the existing tripods are minimized. Results, Observations, Conclusions Design and construction challenges commonly encountered during the design phases of brownfield projects include: 1) lack of tripod jacket and foundation as-built data, 2) need for bracing the new conductors to the existing jacket underwater due to buckling and vortex issues, 3) as-built conditions of the tripods are already near their structural capacities. The design and construction issues experienced in low budget and tight schedule brownfield projects are alleviated with the use of a hybrid conductor-supported tripod. A parametric study was conducted to identify the minimum conductor pipe diameters needed for hybrid conductor-supported tripods at various shallow water depths in benign environmental conditions. The in-place conditions of several existing tripods were investigated before and after the hybrid conductor-supported tripods were integrated with the existing tripods. Using hybrid conductor-supported tripods enable production increase on existing facilities with minimal CAPEX investment. This is accomplished by: 1) utilizing existing tripods to increase production, 2) mitigating the need for as-built data, especially underwater jacket data, 3) eliminating additional axial loads on the existing tripods, 4) implementing minimum deck extensions on the existing tripods. Novel/Additive Information The hybrid conductor-supported tripods provide the structural expansion need for the new wellhead facilities while keeping the existing tripods in their as-built conditions. Reducing the need for the current condition and the exact as-built underwater information of the existing tripods will accelerate the execution of the low budget and tight schedule production increase brownfield projects.

Deep fluids and their role in hydrocarbon migration and oil deposit formation exemplified by supercritical СO2

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Sara LIFSHITS
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Hydrocarbon Migration ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Oil Source

ABSTRACT Hydrocarbon migration mechanism into a reservoir is one of the most controversial in oil and gas geology. The research aimed to study the effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (СО2) on the permeability of sedimentary rocks (carbonates, argillite, oil shale), which was assessed by the yield of chloroform extracts and gas permeability (carbonate, argillite) before and after the treatment of rocks with supercritical СО2. An increase in the permeability of dense potentially oil-source rocks has been noted, which is explained by the dissolution of carbonates to bicarbonates due to the high chemical activity of supercritical СО2 and water dissolved in it. Similarly, in geological processes, the introduction of deep supercritical fluid into sedimentary rocks can increase the permeability and, possibly, the porosity of rocks, which will facilitate the primary migration of hydrocarbons and improve the reservoir properties of the rocks. The considered mechanism of hydrocarbon migration in the flow of deep supercritical fluid makes it possible to revise the time and duration of the formation of gas–oil deposits decreasingly, as well as to explain features in the formation of various sources of hydrocarbons and observed inflow of oil into operating and exhausted wells.

Effect of Full- and Small-Scale Reeling Simulation on Mechanical Properties of Weldable 13Cr Seamless Line Pipe

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidenori Shitamoto ◽  
Nobuyuki Hisamune
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Oil And Gas Pipelines ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas ◽  
Offshore Oil

There are several methods currently being used to install offshore oil and gas pipelines. The reel-lay process is fast and one of the most effective offshore pipeline installation methods for seamless, ERW, and UOE line pipes with outside diameters of 18 inches or less. In the case of the reel-laying method, line pipes are subjected to plastic deformation multiplication during reel-laying. It is thus important to understand the change of the mechanical properties of line pipes before and after reel-laying. Therefore, full-scale reeling (FSR) simulations and small-scale reeling (SSR) simulations are applied as evaluation tests for reel-laying. In this study, FSR simulations were performed to investigate the effect of cyclic deformation on the mechanical properties of weldable 13Cr seamless line pipes. Furthermore, SSR simulations were performed to compare the results obtained by FSR simulations.

Differences In The Reading Comprehension Ability Of Students In The PQ4R Learning Model For Indonesian Language Subjects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-282
Author(s):  
Puji Rahmawati ◽  
Hamdiah Susanti ◽  
Yulia Deodata Selestin ◽  
Amin Mustajab
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Comprehension Ability ◽  
Written Test ◽  
Reading Comprehension Skills ◽  
Reading Comprehension Ability

The purpose of this research is to determine students' reading comprehension skills before and after using the PQ4R learning model. This research was motivated by preliminary studies, which showed that students' reading comprehension skills are still low in conventional learning models. This is a quantitative research consisting of a one-group pretest-posttest research design. Data were obtained from 22 students of state elementary school 03 Sontas using a written test of 6 (six) questions. The research showed differences in students' reading comprehension skills before and after learning using the PQ4R model.

Application of raypath modelling to verify the mapping of Gippsland gas fields

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
M. Megallaa
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Seismic Profiles ◽  
Well Control ◽  
Depth Maps ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Gas Fields

One of the Victorian Government's policies in the oil and gas area is to enhance the benefits to the State in the energy sector by assessing the nature and extent of the petroleum resources. To evaluate the production capacity of developed and undeveloped gas fields, a comprehensive study was commissioned by the DITR in 1988. The first step in a study of this type is to check the accuracy of the depth maps, to see if they adequately describe the reservoir geometry. Raypath modelling, using the Advanced Interpretation Mapping System (AIMS ? Version III), was carried out by Geophysical Services International (GSI), Sydney, on a number of selected profiles over the Snapper, Marlin-Turrum, Barracouta, Kipper and Emperor fields for the DITR. Input data for the models were extracted from the operator's maps. The software simulates the normal incidence raypaths (or wave theory solution) for all shotpoints, and from this information it generates gather records and/or synthetic seismic profiles. By comparing the model data with those from data acquisition, processing and interpretation, it was possible to check the validity of the interpretation of the reservoir's geometry. This modelling work showed that the synthetic data were comparable with the acquisition and processing data, confirming that the depth maps (tied to well control) produced by the operator using its proprietary software are adequate and most likely to represent subsurface configuration of the reservoirs.

scholarly journals Comparison of Infant Test-Weighing and Hourly Breast Expression in Measuring Maternal Milk Production (P11-041-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayna Roznowski ◽  
Erin Wagner ◽  
Sarah Riddle ◽  
Laurie Nommsen-Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Maternal Milk ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Objectives Measuring maternal milk production is cumbersome. Our objectives were to: 1) confirm that milk production rate reaches steady state at hour 2 of hourly breast emptying; and 2) compare agreement in milk production when measured using the well-established test-weighing method versus the more efficient hourly breast emptying method (Lai, et al., Breastfeeding Medicine, 2010). Methods Eligible mothers were 4–10 weeks postpartum and exclusively breastfeeding their healthy, singleton, term infants. A subset of mothers test-weighed (TW) their infant (± 2 g) before and after breastfeeding for 48h. Within 1 week of TW, mothers had a morning visit at the research clinic for hourly breast expression measurements. Mothers emptied both breasts at baseline (h0), and 1, 2, and 3 hours after baseline (h1, h2, h3) using a hospital-grade pump. We recorded hourly milk output ± 1 g and adjusted production rate (g/h) to exact interval (minutes from end of previous to end of current expression). We used paired t-test to compare g/h at h3 versus h0, h1, and h2. We estimated mother's steady-state milk production rate (MPR, g/h) as mean (h2, h3). We used the Bland-Altman method for determining the 95% limits of agreement in measuring milk production (g/24h) using TW versus MPRx24. Results 23 mothers (65% primiparous) were 54 ± 14 days postpartum. Milk output was 185 ± 55 g at h0 and 60 ± 26, 47 ± 13, 44 ± 13 g/h at h1, h2, and h3, respectively. Mean paired difference (vs. h3) was significant at h0 and h1 (P < 0.05), but not at h2 (P > 0.05, h3 - h2 = 3 ± 10 g/h). In the subset with TW data (n = 16), mean TW milk output was 717 ± 119 g/24h, and mean MPRx24 was 1085 ± 300 g/24h. Mean difference, MPRx24 - TW [± 95% limits of agreement], was 368 [± 468] g/24h; and mean ratio, MPRx24/TW, was 1.5 [± 0.4]. Both difference and ratio significantly increased as MPR increased (P < 0.05). Conclusions Hourly milk production reaches steady state at h2; thus, mean (h2, h3) is a valid measure of current maternal milk production capacity. However, there was not homogeneous agreement between MPR and TW, and the 95% limits of agreement were very wide: -91 to 459 g/24h when expressed as the difference, and 0.9 to 1.9-fold as a ratio. Thus, MPR is feasible for researching variation in maternal milk production but not for researching variation in infant intake. Funding Sources None. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

New Technology Spiral SAW Pipes for Onshore and Offshore Oil and Gas Pipelines

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Avagianos ◽  
Kostas Papamantellos
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Quality Management System ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Water Transportation ◽  
Welded Pipe

The world production capacity on large-diameter welded pipe amounts to more than 12 million tons per year 20–25% are produced as spiral sub-arc welded (SAW) pipes, with the balance of 75–80% being longitudinal SAW pipes (from plates). For most spiral-weld producers, a sizeable portion of line pipe is for water transportation, rather than hydrocarbon. In the past, the relative structural weakness of spiral-welded pipe, due to larger welded area, limited the growth of its use in the oil industry. With the development of more advanced production technology, the acceptance of spiral-welded pipes in the oil and gas industry has increased significantly. In this paper, the principals of the spiral manufacturing technology from coil by the two-step-method are introduced and the innovations of Corinth Pipework’s production facility are outlined in detail, including the sophisticated NDT techniques and the Quality Management System.

Hydrodynamic Forces on Near-Bed Small Diameter Cables and Pipelines in Currents, Waves and Combined Flow

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Griffiths ◽  
Yunfei Teng ◽  
Liang Cheng ◽  
Hongwei An ◽  
Scott Draper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Hydrodynamic Forces ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Energy Projects

Abstract The on-bottom stability design of subsea pipelines and cables is important to ensure safety and reliability but can be challenging to achieve, particularly for renewable energy projects which are preferentially located in high energy metocean environments. Often these conditions lead to the seabed being stripped of all loose sediment, leaving the cables to rest on exposed bedrock where roughness features can be similar in size to the cables. As offshore renewable energy projects progress from concept demonstration to commercial-scale developments, new approaches are needed to capture the relevant physics for small diameter cables on rocky seabeds to reduce the costs and risks of export power transmission and increase operational reliability. These same considerations also apply to the cables and small diameter pipes — such as umbilicals — required by oil and gas projects located on rocky seabeds. Recent experimental testing using the University of Western Australia’s unique Large O-tube has enabled the experimental measurement of hydrodynamic forces on small diameter cables and pipes in proximity to smooth and rough beds. The tested conditions extend well beyond the existing published parameter range including much higher KC conditions together with seabed roughness which is comparable in size to the diameter. The results provide design data of great relevance to the ongoing development of marine renewable and conventional oil and gas projects, especially on rocky seabeds. This paper presents a summary of the existing knowledge on the subject as a preface to preliminary test results and gives tentative conclusions on the likely outcomes from this work.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF PHARMACIST COUNSELING ON COMPLIANCE AND INR SCORE ON OUTPATIENTS RECEIVING WARFARIN AT DR. HASAN SADIKIN BANDUNG HOSPITAL WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Norisca Aliza Putriana ◽  
Keri Lestari ◽  
Melisa Intan Barliana ◽  
Sri Hartini
Keyword(s):  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Pharmacist Counseling

Objective:Warfarin is a derivate of coumarin, which is usually prescribed as an oral anti-coagulant for treatment and prevention of thromboembolic disorders. The aim of presents research is analysis the influence of pharmacist counseling on complience and INR score recovery on warfarin management.Methods:Design in this research used mixed method, combination ofqualitative and quantitative method. Qualitative data were used for completingquantitative data. Qualitative method used a content analysis with interview.Quantitative method used a quasi experimental method with control groups, pre test, and post test design. Data were analysed by wilcoxon test and mann whitney test at significance levelP ≤ 0,05 and multivariate analysis covariate.Results:Data were collected from 80 patients with Rheumatic Heart Disease (42.5 %), Atrial Fibrilation (17.5 %), Deep Vein Thrombosis (10%), Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease (10%), Prosthetic Heart (7.5%), other (22.5%). The numbers of patients whose International Normalized Ratio (INR) was in the therapeutic range for each indication were not statistically different between before and after receiving counseling (P >0.05), Patients' behavior compliance of warfarin therapy had increased after receiving the counseling service (P <0.05). The result of presents research is pharmacist counseling affected  behavior compliance before and after counseling(P <0.05), but not for INR (P >0.05).Conclusion:Pharmacist counseling can improve behavior compliance, but not improve INR target. The effect of warfarin to every individual not only affected by behavior compliance, but several factors could influence effect of warfarin is clinical factors, non clinical factors, and genetic factors. Clinical factors that wereinfluenced were age, gender, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability in patiens. 

scholarly journals A Study on Determining Time-Of-Flight Difference of Overlapping Ultrasonic Signal: Wave-Transform Network

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5140
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Li ◽  
Tong Wu ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Xuyang Gao ◽  
Zhenqiu Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Arrival Time ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Ultrasonic Signal ◽  
Signal Wave ◽  
Buried Pipelines ◽  
Ultrasonic Echo ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Novel Method

An ultrasonic sensors system is commonly used to measure the wall thickness of buried pipelines in the transportation of oil and gas. The key of the system is to precisely measure time-of-flight difference (TOFD) produced by the reflection of ultrasonic on the inner and outer surfaces of the pipelines. In this paper, based on deep learning, a novel method termed Wave-Transform Network is proposed to tackle the issues. The network consists of two parts: part 1 is designed to separate the potential overlapping ultrasonic echo signals generated from two surfaces, and part 2 is utilized to divide the sample points of each signal into two types corresponding to before and after the arrival time of ultrasonic echo, which can determine the time-of-flight (TOF) of each signal and calculate the thickness of pipelines. Numerical simulation and actual experiments are carried out, and the results show satisfactory performances.

Functional Analysis and Gene Expression Profile of Umbilical Cord Blood Regulatory T Cells.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 4085-4085
Author(s):  
Giovanni Fernando Torelli ◽  
Roberta Maggio ◽  
Nadia Peragine ◽  
Sabina Chiaretti ◽  
Maria Stefania De Propris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Gene Expression Profile ◽  
Expression Profile ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Foxp3 Gene ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Abstract 4085 Poster Board III-1020 Introduction Umbilical cord blood (CB) stem cells are now broadly used in the unrelated stem cell transplant setting and comparative studies with different stem cell sources have shown that CB transplant is characterized by a lower risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The immaturity of CB T cells has been generally regarded as the main contributing factor accounting for this phenomenon; the possible role played by CB regulatory T cells (Tregs) for the suppression of the allogeneic T-cell response is now under investigation, but very scare data are so far available. Aim of this study was to analyze and compare the functional properties and the gene expression profile of Tregs expanded from CB units with those expanded from the peripheral blood (PB) of adult normal donors. Methods Tregs were purified from mononuclear cells obtained from 23 CB units and from the PB of 13 adult normal donors using the CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotec) and expanded for 6 days in 96-well U-Bottom plates coated with the anti-CD3 (5 ug/ml) and anti-CD28 (5 ug/ml) MoAbs in the presence of IL-2 (100 U/ml). Immunophenotypic analyses were performed before and after expansion. To assess their suppressive functions, expanded Tregs were seeded with autologous effector T cells stimulated with allogeneic dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with apoptotic leukemic blasts, then incubated with [3H]-thymidine and counted in a beta-counter. Suppressor activity was measured as [3H]-thymidine incorporation in the presence or absence of Tregs. The IL-10 production capacity of expanded Tregs was tested using an ELISA assay. The two-sided student t test was used to evaluate the significance of differences between groups. Gene expression profile experiments were performed using the HGU133 Plus 2.0 arrays (Affymetrix); statistical analyses were carried out using the dChip software; a t test was used to evaluate the presence of specifically expressed classes of genes. Functional annotation analysis was performed using the DAVID software. Results CB and PB Tregs presented similar immunophenotypic appearances before and after expansion. Im particular, after expansion they presented a comparable expression of surface CD4, CD25, CD62L, CCR5 and CD45RO, and of cytoplasmic CTLA-4 and Foxp3, while they both were negative for the CD45RA antigen, thus indicating the loss of their naïve features. On the contrary, Tregs obtained from CB (n=23) presented a much higher expansion capacity compared to those obtained from PB (n=13): mean fold increase (range), CB 10.3 (1.6-24), PB 3.9 (1.5-10), p 0.003. CB expanded Tregs (n=6) exerted a potent suppressive function on the proliferative reaction of T cells stimulated by allogeneic DC, that resulted inferior even though not significantly compared to that exerted by PB expanded Tregs (n=5): mean fold reduction (range), CB 7.8 (2.5-15.1), PB 14.3 (1.5-23.7), p 0.14. Tregs expanded from CB (n=4) and PB (n=1) presented a high and comparable in vitro IL-10 production capacity: mean pg/ml (range), CB 326.5 (226-426), PB 382. Gene expression profile analysis showed a higher number of upregulated genes in Tregs expanded from CB (n=2) compared to Tregs expanded from PB (n=3); among them, a significant enrichment of genes involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle checkpoints, signal transduction, cell differentiation, apoptosis, TGF-β receptor pathway and the GrNH pathway was observed. This suggests that CB Tregs retain a more undifferentiated program and are characterized by the high expression of genes which might provide an advantage in cell expansion. Finally, when looking at the Foxp3 gene expression levels, no difference was observed between the two populations. Conclusions These results demonstrate that Tregs contained in CB retain an expansion potential superior to that of Tregs isolated from the PB of normal donors, as confirmed by functional analyses and gene profile. Tregs expanded from CB and PB seem to exert a potent and comparable suppressive function of the proliferative effect in mixed lymphocyte reaction assays. The maintaining of the modulatory properties after expansion is confirmed by the expression of the Foxp3 gene and protein, and by the production of IL-10. These data offer further insights into the understanding of the biology of CB transplantation indicating a possible role played by CB Tregs in the suppression of the allogeneic T-cell response. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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