Toxicity of Some Pesticides to Predacious Arthropods in Ontario Peach Orchards

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 936-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. C. Herne ◽  
W. L. Putman
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Phytoseiid Mite ◽  
Grapholitha Molesta ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
Chrysopa Carnea ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Typhlodromus Caudiglans

AbstractDDT, parathion, and carbaryl experimentally applied in peach orchards were highly toxic to most insect and arachnid predators, including those most effective in controlling orchard mites. Azinphos-methyl appeared to be as toxic as parathion to predators in grower-sprayed orchards. Larvae of the chrysopid Chrysopa carnea Stephens and the syrphid Toxomerus geminatus (Say) were remarkably tolerant of DDT. The phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus caudiglans Schuster appeared to have developed a high degree of resistance to DDT in one orchard. Sulphur was appreciably toxic only to phytoseiids and the erythraeid Balaustium sp., and captan had little or no effect on any predator. Chemical and biological control of phytophagous mites in peach orchards cannot be integrated while the presently used insecticides are needed for the control of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck).

Control of the Two-Spotted Mite in a Victorian Peach Orchard With an Introduced Insecticide-Resistant Strain of the Predatory Mite Typhlodromus Occidentalis Nesbitt (Acarina: Phytoseiidae).

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
RP Field
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Predatory Mite ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Phytoseiid Mite ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
Peach Orchard

A strain of the phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus occidentalis, introduced from North America and known to be resistant to azinphos-methyl and various other pesticides, was released into a commercial peach orchard at Undera, Vic., in December 1974. Its effect on the two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae, was studied under various spraying programs for three successive seasons. The predator quickly established itself on the release trees and controlled T. urticae in each season under spray programs which included azinphos-methyl or phosmet for controlling Oriental fruit moth, pirimicarb for aphids, ziram for leaf curl and rust, mancozeb for rust, captan and triforine for brown rot, and ethephon for promoting even fruit ripening. However, it did not establish on trees treated with benomyl for the control of brown rot. The predator rapidly spread throughout the orchard and only one acaricide application was required on non-release trees during the three seasons. Native coccinellids (Stethorus spp.) were important predators of T. urticae in the early part of the second season but not in the other two seasons.

Phytoseiidae mites associated with native and cultivated solanaceous in Central-West Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mércia Elias Duarte ◽  
Peterson Rodrigo Demite ◽  
Renata Santos De Mendonça ◽  
Miguel Michereff-filho ◽  
Maria Luiza Santa Cruz De Mesquita Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Predatory Mites ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Phytoseiid Mites ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
Wild Host ◽  
The One

Predatory mites represent important biological control agents and those belonging to the Phytoseiidae family are the most promising for the control of phytophagous mites and small insects. The control of key pests of tomato and other solanaceous crops, highlighting phytophagous mites, has been a challenge and the biological control constitutes a promising strategy. Prospecting predatory mites in wild host plants, natural environments as well as in agroecosystems is relevant because these non-crop and crop areas can serve as reservoirs for promising species for biological control programs. This study aimed to know the Phytoseiidae fauna associated with wild and cultivated solanaceous plants in a poorly prospected area in Brazil, the Central-West Region. A detailed taxonomic identification of phytoseiid mites was conducted, and the most important morphological traits are presented for each species. In addition, associated phytophagous mites mainly belonging to the Tetranychidae, Tenuipalpidae and Eriophyoidea were identified. Surveys were carried out in 23 species of solanaceous collected in the Distrito Federal (12 areas) and Goiás State (1 area), from February 2017 to January 2018. Nineteen species of predators belonging to ten genera were recorded: Amblyseius (2 species), Euseius (3), Galendromus (1), Iphiseiodes (1), Neoseiulus (3), Paraphytoseius (1), Phytoseius (3), Proprioseiopsis (2), Typhlodromalus (2, one probably new to science) and Typhlodromips (1). Solanum lycocarpum was the solanaceous that harbored the highest richness (11 species), as well as the one with the highest abundance of phytoseiids (250 specimens). Typhlodromalus aripo was the most common species, being the most abundant (423 specimens; 32%) and registered on the largest number of hosts (14). Many of phytoseiid species found present morphological traits that facilitate their occurrence in leaves with trichomes, as in the case of tomato and other cultivated solanaceous. These traits and the association between predators and phytophagous mites may indicate that these species are promising for biological control programms. Thus, extensive studies to assess the efficiency of the identified predatory mites to control key solanaceous pests are required.

The Strawberry Leaf Roller, Ancylis comptana fragariae (Walsh and Riley) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), as a Source of Overwintered Macrocentrus ancylivorus Rohwer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Ontario

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1022-1023
Author(s):  
Wm. L. Putman
Keyword(s):  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Leaf Roller ◽  
Grapholitha Molesta ◽  
Peach Orchard

AbstractMacrocentrus ancylivorus Rohwer overwintered in larvàe of the strawberry leaf roller, Ancylis comptana fragariae (Walsh & Riley), at the rate of from 544 to 7,623 per acre of strawberry field. Not more than 300 per acre of peach orchard, could be expected to overwinter in larvae of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck). About half of the larvae of M. ancylivorus in leaf rollers did not survive the winter.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING CHRYSOPA CARNEA BIOTYPES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: ADULT DIETARY REQUIREMENTS

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice J. Tauber ◽  
Catherine A. Tauber
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
The West ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Preoviposition Period ◽  
Chrysopa Carnea ◽  
Control Adult ◽  
Agricultural Areas

AbstractBased on our studies with 10 geographic populations of Chrysopa carnea, we recommend that biological control programs involving this predator use "pure" carnea stock originating from eastern and midwestern North America. Of the two strains (races or biotypes) of C. carnea—carnea and mohave—carnea is the superior choice for biological control on commercial crops in both eastern and western North America because (1) its preoviposition period is approximately one-half as long as mohave’s, (2) unlike mohave adults, neither sex of the carnea strain requires prey for successful mating and initiating oviposition, (3) carnea’s oviposition can be enhanced in the field by applying currently available food sprays, and (4) carnea is efficient to mass-rear on a commercial basis.The “pure” mohave race is restricted to limited areas on the west coast. This race, which can enter a food-mediated summer diapause, is more suitable for biological control on the west coast in non-agricultural situations dominated by native vegetation, where prey occurrence is highly variable during summer.Most west coast populations in agricultural areas are composed of intermediates between the carnea and mohave races. F1 hybrids produced by crossing individuals from mohave, carnea, and intermediate populations, show predominantly carnea characteristics, and inheritance of the distinguishing biological traits appears to be controlled by polygenes.

EFFECT OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURES ON THE NUMBER OF LARVAL INSTARS OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH, GRAPHOLITHA MOLESTA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Roberts ◽  
Jean R. Proctor ◽  
J. H. H. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Grapholitha Molesta ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On

AbstractLaboratory tests, at constant temperatures, were conducted to evaluate quantitatively the influence of temperature on development of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck). The results showed that at the highest temperature (30°C) some larvae had four instars and some had five, indicating a mixed population. Fifth instar larvae developed only at the highest temperature (30°C) where larval development was also most rapid. It can, therefore, be assumed that the Oriental fruit moth has four distinct larval instars when reared in the laboratory at 15°–24 °C.

HOST PLANTS AND PARASITES OF SOME LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE

1942 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM. L. Putman
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Grapholitha Molesta ◽  
Host Relations

A list of the host plants and parasites of lepidopterous larvae reared during a study of the native hosts of parasites of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta Busck, was published in 1935. Much additional data which have since accumulated appear worth placing on record, particularly the host relations of the parasites.

THE INFLUENCE OF THREE INSECTICIDES ON PREDATION OF THE PEAR PSYLLA, PSYLLA PYRICOLA

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 1292-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. McMullen ◽  
C. Jong
Keyword(s):  
Predation Pressure ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Chrysopa Carnea ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
Pear Psylla ◽  
Pear Orchard ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
Campylomma Verbasci ◽  
Competition For Food

AbstractThe effects of sprays of DDT, azinphos-methyl, and Ryania applied to a pear orchard on population densities of insect predators of Psylla pyricola Förster were assessed. The P. pyricola in the orchard were naturally tolerant to DDT and Ryania and highly resistant to azinphos-methyl. DDT eliminated or severely reduced numbers of Deraeocoris brevis piceatus Knight, D. fasciolus Knight, Diaphnocoris provancheri (Burque), and Campylomma verbasci (Meyer). Chrysopa carnea Stephens and C. oculata Say were moderately reduced. Anthocoris antevolens (White) and A. melanocerus Reuter were highly tolerant to DDT. Azinphos-methyl severely reduced numbers of A. antevolens, A. melanocerus, C. verbasci, and D. provancheri. C. carnea and C. oculata were moderately reduced. D. brevis piceatus and D. fasciolus were tolerant to azinphos-methyl. Ryania severely reduced numbers of A. antevolens, A. melanocerus, and C. verbasci; moderately reduced D. provancheri; and did not affect D. brevis piceatus, D. fasciolus, C. carnea, or C. oculata.In the DDT-treated plots the relative densities of Anthocoris spp. approximately doubled compared with the untreated plots. This was probably due to removal of competition for food by other predator species. Large increases ill the relative densities of Deraeocoris spp. were also observed in the Ryania treatments, probably for similar reasons. Significant increases in the P. pyricola populations in response to removal of predation pressure by the insecticide treatments occurred in the DDT and azinphos-methyl plots bur not in the Ryania plots.

Mating Behaviour of the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 1087-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Dustan
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Grapholitha Molesta ◽  
Early Evening ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Bait Traps ◽  
Peach Orchard

AbstractExperiments and observations on Oriental fruit moths in cages and in a peach orchard showed that both males and females may mate more than once. The maximum recorded number of matings was 7 for males and 5 for females. Mating usually occurred in the late afternoon and early evening during the daily flight and egg-laying period. Males seldom mated oftener than once in 24 hours and they transferred only one spermatophore to the female per mating. In cages, males mated approximately 1.4 times each when confined with equal numbers of females. Of the females taken in bait traps in a peach orchard, an average of 2.9% had not mated, 78.8% had mated once, 14.6% twice, and 3.7% more than twice. The mating behaviour of the Oriental fruit moth was shown to be similar to that of the codling moth.

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