Dispersal of Insect at Honitetu Forest in West Seram District

The research objective was to determine the spread of insect species in educational forests and the diversity and abundance of insects. The research was carried out in the Educational Forest of ​​Honitetu in May - June 2020 using the method of drawing sample plots in ​​3 hectares, then an observation path was made using the path method for insect inventory and systematic sampling for vegetation inventory with the plot size. 20 m wide, 100 m long with a distance between lines of 20 m. Insects were collected using hand-collecting and pitfall trap methods at a distance of 10 m and bait traps every 10 m. The results of the study found 6462 insects consisting of 62 species in 12 orders, are Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Blattaria, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Phasmatodea, Opiliones, Araneae, Mantodea in 35 families, namely Chrysomelidae, Cerambycidae, Formicidae, Apidae, Calliphoridae, Tettigoniidae, Acrididae, Grylludae, Blaberidae, Pentatomidae, Piesmatidae, Culicidae, Carabidae, Alydidae, Nanomatidae, Eresidae, Vespidae, Asilidae, Zodaridae, Buprestidae, Phasmatidaal, Blattidae, Platypezidae, Sarcophidae, Noctuidae, Rhaphidophoridae, Sclerosomatidae, and Ichneumonidae. Most species found from the Order Hymenoptera Family Formicidae and the most diminutive species found are the Order Lepidoptera Family Danaidae, Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Order Hymenoptera Family Braconidae, and Order Opiliones Family Sclerosomatidae. The maximum H 'value is 4.127, the evenness index of 0.628 is classified as moderate, and the dominance index is 0.111 and is classified as low.

Small Bait Traps May Not Accurately Reflect the Composition of Necrophagous Diptera Associated to Remains

Small bait traps are beginning to emerge in forensic entomology as a new approach to sample early-colonizing necrophagous Diptera species while reducing the investment in time and energy in obtaining information. To test the hypothesis conveyed by the literature that these traps can be a substitute for whole carcasses, we simultaneously documented the Diptera assemblages visiting and colonizing domestic pig carcasses and small traps baited with pork liver. Results indicated that Diptera species occurrence and assemblage composition in the small bait traps and on the carcasses differed, while they were similar when comparing only the pig carcasses. These results are in agreement with the literature that examined insect colonization of other decaying substrates. Although small bait traps can be useful tools to document the communities of necrophagous Diptera in a given area, we stress that caution must be exercised when extending the data obtained by these traps to courtroom proceedings.

Yearly and seasonal changes in species composition of hornets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) caught with bait traps on the Sea of Japan coast

Hornets belong to the genus of Vespa, and are potentially effective predators of insect pests in forests and other environments. To assess the potential impact of prey foraging by the Vespa species, studies have attempted to understand species composition of hornets caught with bait traps in several regions in Japan. These studies showed that the species composition of hornets was different among the different regions in Japan, possibly due to the differences in the geographical distribution and climates. Additionally, the species composition of hornets has only been examined in the inland regions of Japan. In this study, we studied species composition of hornets caught with bait traps in Niigata city on the coast of the Sea of Japan, for a period of four years. The species composition observed in Niigata city was very similar to the composition seen in other temperate, warmer regions, but diffe¬rent from that in subarctic and heavy snowfall regions. There was a single peak in the trap catch due to seasonal changes in the two major species, V. analis and V. ducalis. There were also yearly changes in the species composition of hornets in Niigata city. The possible causes of the differences among the hornet populations in the seasons and years are discussed in this study.

Relative Efficiency of Pitfall vs. Bait Trapping for Capturing Taxonomic and Functional Diversities of Ant Assemblages in Temperate Heathlands

Whereas bait and pitfall trappings are two of the most commonly used techniques for sampling ant assemblages, they have not been properly compared in temperate open habitats. In this study, taking advantage of a large-scale project of heathland restoration (3 sites along the French Atlantic Coast forming a north-south gradient), we evaluated the relative efficiency of these two methods for assessing both taxonomic and functional diversities of ants while accounting for a north south diversity gradient. Ants were collected and identified to species level, and 6 traits related to morphology, behavior (including diet, dispersal and maximum foraging distance) and social life (colony size and dominance type) were attributed to all 23 species. Both observed and estimated species were significantly higher in pitfalls compared to spatially pair-matched bait traps. Functional diversity followed the same pattern, with consistent results for both community weighted mean (CWM) and Rao’s quadratic entropy. Taxonomic and functional diversities from pitfall assemblages increased from North to South locations, following a frequently reported pattern at larger spatial scales. Bait traps can hardly be considered a complementary method to pitfall traps for sampling ants in open temperate habitats, as it appears basically redundant with pitfall traps at least on maritime cliff-tops of the East-Atlantic coast.

JENIS-JENIS SEMUT ARBOREAL (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) DI KAWASAN KAMPUS UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA DENGAN TIGA METODE KOLEKSI

Ants as insects occupy various habitats and ecological niches. Universitas Tanjungpura is an area with variable vegetation physiognomies that has the potential to have a lot of ant microhabitat. This study aims to determine the most effective method for collecting arboreal ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) found in the campus area of Universitas Tanjungpura. The study was conducted from August 2018 to February 2019 at ten locations based on their environmental condition. Ants were collected in three different methods: hand collecting, bait traps, and yellow pan traps. There were 39 species of Formicidae collectedfromall locations. These results were obtained by hand collecting (32 species), bait traps (32 species), and yellow pan traps (4 species). Hand collecting and bait traps are the most effective method for collecting arboreal ants in Universitas Tanjungpura.

Management of Fruit Flies Using Environmentally Safer Pesticide (Spinosad) in Shendi, Sudan

The fruit flies of familyTephritidae are considered as serious pests of Mango in Sudan. They cause substantial damage to Mango in all Mango production areas. The application of various pesticides appeared to be ineffective. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of Spinosad as new promising control measure to the fruit flies. This study was carried out at Shendi area, River Nile State during the period from April 2012 to August 2014, where Pheromone and food bait traps were used for detection and monitoring the fruit flies species in the study area. Spinosad (0.24g\L) was applied as a partial spraying pesticide. Results indicated that; the application of Spinosad highly decreased the fruit flies numbers. The average number of fruit flies collected in April was (947.22 and 1001.67) for the treated and untreated orchards respectively. The numbers of fruit flies in the treated orchards had decreased gradually during May, June, July and August, 904.7, 760.22, 609.6 and 452.7, respectively, but in untreated orchards for the same months had increased to 1003.67, 1103.67, 1336.67and 1468.67 respectively. However, the infestation level in mango fruits in the treated orchards was found to be 2% compared with 64% for untreated one.