Notes on the Life History of Aleochara bilineata (Gyll.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), and on Its Potential Value as a Control Agent for the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Read
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Aleochara Bilineata ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Cabbage Maggot

The rove beetle, Aleochara bilineata Gyll., is known as a predator and a parasite of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), in most areas where the latter is an economic pest of cruciferous crops (Wishart, 1957; Wishart et al., 1956, 1957; Hughes, 1959). However, although A. bilineata is an extremely prolific insect (Colhoun, 1953; Wishart et al., 1956), in that the adult beetles destroy root maggot eggs and larvae and the parasite larvae destroy root magpt pupae, little has been reported concerning the economic value of the predator-parasite as a natural control agent. Preliminary studies in Prince Edward Island indicated that the predator destroved large numbers of root maggots but it did not appear to sive economic control (Read, 1960). Details of the biology of this predator have been presented by Colhoun (1953). This is a report of studies conducted to determine the potential value of A. bilineata as a natural control agent, and includes observations on the comparative life histories of host and parasite and notes on predation and parasitism in the greenhouse and on parasitism in the field.

Notes on the Stages and the Biology of Baryodma ontarionis Casey (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), a Parasite of the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya brassicae Bouché (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

1953 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Colhoun
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Aleochara Bilineata ◽  
European Species ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Cabbage Maggot

During investigations on the natural enemies of root maggots attacking Cruciferae, the beetle Baryodma ontarionis Casey was reared from puparia of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché). This was not unexpected, for Gibson and Treherne (1916) had reported a similar occurrence; the staphylinid beetles reared at that time were identified by Casey (1916), who decided that they belonged to the verna group of Baryodma and assigned the name Baryodma ontarionis. Casey (loc. cit.) considered the species rather common and stated that it did not seem to resemble any European species; but Mr. W. J. Brown (in litt.), Systematic Entomology, Division of Entomology, Ottawa, who identified the beetles collected in 1950, is of the opinion that B. ontarionis is synonymous with Aleochara bilineata Gyll., tvhich attaclrs the cabbage maggot in Europe. Wadsworth (1915) dealt with the biology of A. bilineata, giving detailed descriptions of the immature stages. A study of the biology of B. ontarionis was carried out at the Belleville laboratory as part of n program of parasite introduction with the purpose in view of using the information to evaluate the beetle as a factor in the control of root maggots that are severe pests of cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, and radish.

ECOLOGY OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), IN RUTABAGA IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO, WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON OTHER ROOT MAGGOTS

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S.S. Nair ◽  
F. L. McEwen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Aleochara Bilineata ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Strongwellsea Castrans ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Cabbage Maggot ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), had three generations per year from 1970 to 1973 inclusive, a partial fourth was noted in most years. A small proportion of first generation pupae entered aestivation in 1971.Thermal units required for fly emergence from overwintered pupae fell within a narrow range (174 to 199), but there was little correlation between thermal units and fly emergence in subsequent generations. Lack of adequate moisture delayed establishment of larvae in roots in some generations. Lack of adequate soil moisture delayed establishment of larvae in roots in some generations, and this appeared to be the chief reason for the lack of correlation between thermal units and fly peaks.Throughout this investigation the over-all population remained remarkably constant. Parasitism by a staphylinid, Aleochara bilineata Gyll., and a fungus, Strongwellsea castrans Batko and Weiser, and soil moisture were the most important biological and climatic factors affecting survival. Parasitism of the adult by a nematode, Heterotylenchus sp., was recorded for the first time.Although large numbers of seed maggot adults, Hylemya florilega (Zett.) and H. platura (Meig.), were recorded, few infested rutabaga. Other species trapped included Euxesta notata (Weid.) and Muscina spp.

COMBINED EFFECTS OF SOIL-INCORPORATED AND FOLIAR-APPLIED INSECTICIDES IN BED-SYSTEM PRODUCTION OF BRASSICA CROPS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. FINLAYSON
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Aleochara Bilineata ◽  
Brussels Sprouts ◽  
Percentage Parasitism ◽  
Brassica Crops ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Cabbage Maggot

In a 4-yr study (1974–1977), combinations of selected soil-incorporated insecticides (carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos, disulfoton, fensulfothion, terbufos and isofenphos) and foliar-applied insecticides (Dipel®, methomyl, ethiofencarb/Thuricide®, methamidophos and permethrin) were studied to determine their effects on occurrence of cabbage maggot (Hylemya brassicae [Bouché]) and its parasites, and of various leaf-feeding lepidopterous larvae and aphids during bed-system production of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck), Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera Zenker), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.). Several soil-incorporated insecticides reduced the numbers of emergent seedlings. Plants treated with carbofuran and chlorfenvinphos had least maggot damage in their roots. Disulfoton was ineffective. The best aphicide was ethiofencarb closely followed by methamidophos. Permethrin was ineffective as an aphicide but very effective against lepidopterous larvae. Numbers of overwintering puparia of H. brassicae were greatest from untreated plants and least from plants treated with chlorfenvinphos. Percentage parasitism by the staphylinid beetle Aleochara bilineata Gyll. averaged 32% in puparia from untreated plots, but only 5.5% in those from treated plots.

The Barley Jointworm, Harmolita hordei (Harr.) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), in Prince Edward Island

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Northeastern Part ◽  
Grain Crop

AbstractThe barley jointworm, Harmolita hordei (Harr.), was first discovered at a point in the northeastern part of Prince Edward Island in 1946. It spread quite rapidly along the northern coastline of the province and more slowly southward, and today infestations may be found in most areas of the province. Inland movement of the pest did not start until about 1955 and since that time infestations have generally been lighter than they were previously.H. hordei overwinters as mature larvae in galls in barley stubble left in fields after the grain is harvested. Adults emerge the following year during late June and early July and oviposit in the stems of young barley plants, usually when the plants are six to eight inches high. Eggs are almost always laid just above the lower nodes or joints, either on the main or on tillering stems. The adults live for four to eight days. The larvae develop inside the stems and the plant tissue around them develops into hard, woody galls. The larvae mature in three to four weeks and, thereafter, remain dormant inside the galls in the stems until the following year. Infested barley plants are stunted and heads may fail to develop or, if formed, contain small, shrivelled kernels. In severely infested fields, the grain crop is considered a complete loss.There are six speoies of parasites known to attack H. hordei in Prince Edward Island, and all of them are chalcids that closely resemble the pest. Parasite eggs are deposited in the stem with the host and the larvae attack and destroy H. hordei larvae and then complete their development inside the galls. In addition to biological control by natural parasites, the other major natural control agent is considered to be weather, combinations of moisture, humidity, and temperature. However, further investigations are necessary to establish the influence of these different factors.

Chemical Control of the Cabbage Root Maggot Integrated with Natural Controls

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 136-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Read
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Aleochara Bilineata ◽  
Scatophaga Stercoraria ◽  
Plant Foliage ◽  
Cabbage Root Maggot ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Root Maggot

Application of 5 Ibs. toxicant Ileptachlor or aldrin per acre placed in a 4- to 5-inch hand about 1½ inches below the surface of the soil in a ridged seeding drill have controlled infestations of the cabbage root maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouche) in cabbage and rutabagas for eight consecutive years on one farm in Prince Edward Island without detectable indications of resktance. The insecticide is so placed in the soil as to be most concentrated against the young root maggot larvae and least concentrated against the following predators and parasites: Coenosia tigrina (Fall.) and Scatophaga stercoraria. (L.), which attack and destroy H. brassicae flies in flight, on the soil surface, or on plant foliage; various species of Carabid beetles which destroy H. brassicae eggs at or near the soil surface, Trybliographa rapae (L.), the larvae of which parasitize and destroy H. brassicae larvae in the plant roots; and Aleochara bilineata (Gyll.), with adults destroying H. brassicae eggs or young larvae near the soil surface, and larvae in the plant roots, and the larvae parasitising H. brassicae puparia and destroying the pupae. Records of field observations, supplemented with data obtained on green-house determinations of the potential reproduction of both predators and host, indicate that any one of these predators could theoretically eliminate the pest population from an area in two to three generations. They do not eliminate or even give apparent economic control of the pest because a) the aerial attackers do not find and destroy adults of the pest before many eggs are deposited in the soil; b) many eggs are hidden in the soil by wind and rain and thus protected from discovery by predators; and c) larval and puparial parasites attack after the pest has injured the crop.

Phygadeuon trichops Thoms. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), an Occasional Parasite of Hylemya spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Elizabeth Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Aleochara Bilineata ◽  
Trybliographa Rapae ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Preferred Hosts

In extensive surveys for parasites of Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), H. floralis (Fall.), and H. cilicrura (Rond.) on cruciferous crops in Canada and Europe, observations were made on the life-histories and behaviour of the parasites. Accounts of the two most abundant parasites, Aleochara bilineata Gyll. and Trybliographa rapae (Westw.), have already been published, the former by Colhoun (1953) and the latter by Wishart and Monteith (1954). The present paper deals with one of the minor parasites, Phygadeuon trichops Thoms. In the surveys this parasite was found in Norway, Holland, and Scotland but in such small numbers as to indicate that it has other, preferred hosts and that it only occasionally attacks Hylemya spp. Phygadeuon fumator (Grav.) was reared from Hylemya sp. from France and is recorded in the literature from Hylemya spp. in Russia (Meier, 1927; Vodinskaya, 1928) and in England (Wadsworth, 1915). No references were found to P. trichops from Hylemya spp. and no accounts of the biology of either species.

Identification of the Root Maggots (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Attacking Cruciferous Garden Crops in Canada, with Notes on Biology and Control

1951 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 109-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life History ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultivation Methods ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Cabbage Maggot ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cruciferous Plants

A great number of papers and notes have been written on the root maggots attacking cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, and radish in Canada and the United States during the past 75 years. These deal chiefly with the occurrence, life-history, and control of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), or species which have been misidentified as that species. The Canadian work has followed the lead of Gibson and Treherne (1916), but in spite of the accumulation of information on the life-history of the species, on cultivation methods, and on insecticides, the pests of these cruciferous plants remain as noxious as ever.

A comparative study of the life histories of Nematodirus battus and N. filicollis, nematode parasites of sheep

Parasitology ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 49 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 374-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Basic Pattern ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
History Of ◽  
Comparative Description

1. The life history of N. battus is described, and a comparative description of the life history of N. filicollis is given.2. The life histories of these two species are compared with those of N. spathiger and N. helvetianus, two closely related species, and are shown to follow the same basic pattern, with minor variations in timing which appear to be specific in nature, and not related to differences in culture methods or host species.3. The pathogenesis of Nematodirus species is discussed and related to the migration of larvae into the intestinal mucosa during development.

SPATIAL PATTERN OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF HYLEMYA BRASSICAE ON CABBAGE

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 1216-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Mukerji ◽  
D. G. Harcourt
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Poisson Distribution ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Binomial Series ◽  
Binomial Parameter ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Cabbage Maggot

AbstractCounts of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), on cabbage did not conform to the Poisson distribution, there being an excess of uninfested and highly infested plants over the expected number. But when the negative binomial series was fitted to the observed distribution, the discrepancies were not significant when tested by chi-square. The negative binomial parameter k tended to increase with density. Using a common k, the distribution of the various stages may be described by expansion of (q − p)−k, when values of k are as follows: egg 0.78, larva 0.71, pupa 0.84. Three different transformations are offered for stabilizing the variance of field counts.

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