An Improved Container for Shipping Live Insects

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-240
Author(s):  
C. F. Nicholls ◽  
G. E. Maybee
Keyword(s):  
Reliable Method ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Lightweight Container ◽  
Heavy Mortality

Live insects have been shipped from the Belleville laboratory for many years by rail in wooden chests insulated with cork, lined with metal and cooled with natural ice. These chests were cumbersome and had to be re-iced en route or heavy mortality resulted. In 1959, a more reliable method was developed for shipping adult Aphidoletes thompsoni Moehn (Diptera: Cecidomyjidae), a predator of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) by air express. It incorporates the use of a lightweight container and a patented coolant in cans. Although it was developed specifically for A. thompsoni it was also used successfully for shipping other species.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): XI. Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), An Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 1171-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Introduced Predator ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Commonwealth Institute ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Research Institute

Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. is one of the complex of predators that attacks A. piceae (Ratz.) in Europe. After studies on its morphology, biology, and distribution were made by Delucchi and Pschorn-Walcher (1954), C. nigrocellulata was reared in Europe by the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control and introduced into New Brunswick via the Entomology Research Institute for Biological Control, Belleville, Ontario.

A Laboratory Method for Rearing Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae),

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (9) ◽  
pp. 696-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Field Cage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Syrphid Larvae

In a previous paper (Clark and Brown, 1959) a field cage was described for rearing syrphid larvae and other predators of the balsam woolly aphid. The cages proved satisfactory in the field but some method was necessary to supplement the results with data for individual predators reared in the laboratory under controlled conditions.In the past, attempts to rear predator larvae in the laboratory on small pieces of infested bark proved unsatisfactory because of the difficulties of keeping the bark moist and suitable for prey development and preventing the growth of moulds on the prey, the bark, and the containers. In most cases when small petri dishes or other containers were used the prey or predators died before rearing was complete or the individuals which survived were unhealthy and not representative of normal prey or predator development.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): IV. Neoleucopis obscura (Hal.) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), an Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 533-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Introduced Predator ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Adelges Piceae

Early in the present century the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), was introduced accidentally into North America. The history of its development and spread in the United States and Canada has been described by Balch (1952). At the present time, the adelgid occurs in eastern Canada over approximately the southern half of New Brunswick with an extension of the range in the extreme northeastern part of the Province, throughout Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, and in some areas of the southwestern and southeastern parts of Newfoundland.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) VI. Aphidecta obliterata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada,

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 596-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Introduced Predator ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Made In

Aphidecta obliterata (L.) is a common predator on conifer-infesting adelgids and aphids in Western Europe, including Scandinavia and the British Isles (Wylie, 1958b). The life cycle in Europe and descriptions of the various stages have been published (Weise, 1892; Portevin, 1931; Van Emden, 1949; Van Dinther, 1951; Wylie, 1958a). Beginning in 1941 several attempts have been made to introduce this species into Eastern Canada against the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). The initial liberations from England and Germany were apparently unsuccessful due to the inability of the insect to survive the Canadian winter conditions. Later collections were made in Sweden, Czechoslovakia, and Switzerland (Table I) from areas where the winter conditions more closely resemble those in Canada. These liberations also proved unsuccessful. The present paper brings together all available information on the liberations and related experiments olbtained during the liberation years.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) X. Field Identification of Laricobius erichsonii Rosen. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae)

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Promise ◽  
Field Identification ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Field Workers

Over the past ten years a number of exotic predators have been introduced into New Brunswick and other parts of North America as part of a biological control program against the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). Several of these have become established and others show considerable promise. As introductions continue it becomes exceedingly important that field workers be able to distinguish rapidly all stages of introduced and native predators. Field identification characters for some species (Chamaemyiidae and Syrphidae) have been published in previous papers in this series (Brown and Clark, 1956, 1960; Clark and Brown, 1957) and have been found to be very useful.

DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND SURVIVAL OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE), ON BRANCHES OF BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (10) ◽  
pp. 1097-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Staminate Flower ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Sample Unit ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

AbstractOver 95% of feeding balsam woolly aphids occur in crevices on balsam fir branches and the highest density occurs within the 3-year tip of branches. The crevices occur under the bud scales at nodes, the base of each season’s growth, and among staminate flower buds or among and within flower bracts. The abundance and survival of aphids as well as mortality factors vary with the location of the nodes in a branch, the type of branch, and aphid generation. The significant differences show that there are 9 to 13 strata within the 3-year tip of a branch. For ecological studies and measuring population levels, the cluster of aphids within a defined crevice, for example under the bud scale at the base of a cluster of shoots, can be selected as a sample unit.

THE STYLETS OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: ADELGIDAE)

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1074-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Forbes ◽  
D. B. Mullick
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

AbstractThe morphology and fine structure of the stylets, labial clamp, and crumena of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), are described from sections studied in the electron microscope.

IMPACT OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE) ON CONES AND SEED PRODUCED BY INFESTED FRASER FIR

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 673-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Fedde
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Relative Susceptibility ◽  
Western North Carolina ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

AbstractSeed produced by Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., infested by the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg), was compared with that originating from uninfested trees during a cyclic year of heavy seedfall (1969) in western North Carolina. Cones were significantly shorter and seed uniformly lighter and smaller from trees infested by the aphid. X-ray examination indicated the number of full seed from uninfested trees averaged nearly 70% and 42% higher than in comparable seed samples from infested trees. Germination tests indicated viability of seed from infested trees exceeded 32% and that from uninfested trees exceeded 75%. An important factor affecting survival of seed from the two sources appeared to be the relative susceptibility of seed to attack by Megastigmus specularis Walley. Almost 28% more seed were destroyed by these seed chalcids for aphid-infested trees than for uninfested trees.

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