Spore Coverage and Persistence of Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland Sprayed on Apple Trees against the Codling Moth

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
June M. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Apple Trees

Trials to determine the extent of fruit protection given by spraying spores of Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland on apple trees exposed to natural attack from the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), were carried out in the experimental apple orchard of the Entomology Laboratory at Summerland, British Columbia. Heavy injury was expected there on trees not receiving commercial insecticide applications. Ten test and ten check trees were chosen at random. Check trees received no treatment of any kind. Test trees were treated with six sprays between May 26 and June 29, 1954, and five between August 5 and September 8, 1954.

POPULATIONS OF BENEFICIAL AND PEST ARTHROPODS IN AN ORGANIC AND A PESTICIDE TREATED APPLE ORCHARD IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 1083-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Madsen ◽  
B. J. Madsen
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Treatment Thresholds ◽  
Treated Apple

AbstractA 2-year study was conducted in an organic, essentially pesticide-free orchard and in one which followed a complete pesticide program to assess populations of beneficial arthropods. There were far more beneficial species in the pesticide-free orchard both on the trees and in the cover crop. Spiders increased dramatically in the organic orchard and relatively few spiders were found in the sprayed orchard. Pest species were below treatment thresholds in both orchards with the exception of codling moths. By the second season, codling moth injury was so severe in the organic program that the non-pesticide program had to be abandoned.

Notes on Limitations of Natural Control of Phytophagous Insects and Mites in a British Columbia Orchard

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Marshall ◽  
C. V. G. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Phytophagous Insects ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Short Time

When an apple orchard is abandoned in Eastern Canada the trees may continue to grow reasonably well for many years. As a rule the fruit is ruined by apple scab, but damage from insects or mites may be relatively minor. Under such conditions, phytophagous insects and mites are commonly held to an acceptable commercial level by natural control factors. On the other hand, when an apple orchard is abandoned in the semi-arid, southern interior of British Columbia the trees generally die from desiccation in a short time. Occasionally, when particularly favoured by sub-irrigation, they may survive for ten years or more. But they produce no marketable fruit; invariably it is ruined by insects. Unlike the abandoned eastern orchard. that in British Columbia his little natural protection from the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), and the blister mite, Eriophyes pyri (Pgst.), to mention but two common pests.

scholarly journals A study of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) parasitism by Ascogaster quadridentata in a derelict apple orchard

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 325-325
Author(s):  
P.W. Shaw ◽  
D.R. Wallis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Ascogaster Quadridentata ◽  
Corrugated Cardboard ◽  
The Uk

Ascogaster quadridentata (Hymenoptera Braconidae) is a codling moth parasitoid native to Europe and established in New Zealand following introductions from the UK in the 1930s Ascogaster quadridentata parasitises the eggs of codling moth and develops and overwinters throughout the larval period of the host finally emerging from the host larval cocoon in spring As a result of its slow development the parasitoid does not protect the fruit from larval feeding damage Codling moth larvae in overwintering cocoons concealed under bark on apple trees were collected from a derelict orchard in Upper Moutere Nelson Larvae (n117) were carefully extracted from their cocoons and introduced into rolls of corrugated cardboard to complete their development Eightyeight larvae were successfully reared and 37 of these (42) were parasitized by A quadridentata This result is similar to a limited number of other records for this parasitoid in New Zealand and indicates that A quadridentata assists in reducing high populations of codling moth in derelict orchards or wild apple trees which are the main source for codling moth infestations in nearby commercial orchards

SUPPRESSION OF CODLING MOTH, LASPEYRESIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), BY RELEASE OF STERILE AND PARTIALLY STERILE MOTHS

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 1095-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.D. Proverbs ◽  
J.R. Newton ◽  
D.M. Logan
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Field Cage ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
Laspeyresia Pomonella ◽  
Insecticide Sprays ◽  
Apple Fruits ◽  
Made In

AbstractBecause laboratory and field cage experiments had shown that partially sterile (25 krad dose) male codling moths were sexually more competitive than sterile (40 krad) ones, a study was made in a British Columbia orchard in 1970 to determine whether release of 25 krad moths of mixed sexes would suppress this pest more effectively than release of 40 krad moths. Approximately 75,000 moths/ha were released from 24 April to 25 September for each dose level. In the 25 krad moth release plot, the percentage of apple fruits damaged by this pest at harvest was reduced from 0.21 in 1969 to 0.08 in 1970, whereas in the 40 krad plot damage was reduced from 0.04 in 1969 to 0.02 in 1970.Release of 25 krad moths was also compared with insecticide sprays for codling moth suppression in two small areas at Cawston and Olalla, B.C. At Cawston, the percentage of apples damaged at harvest was reduced from 1.0 in 1969, after three sprays of phosalone, to 0.1 in 1970 after release of irradiated insects. In contrast, per cent damage in a nearby apple orchard, sprayed twice with azinphos-methyl in 1969 and 1970, increased from 2.0 in 1969 to 8.1 in 1970. At Olalla, per cent damage was about the same (0.5) in 1969, after three phosalone sprays, as in 1970 (0.6) after release of irradiated insects. In a neighboring apple orchard, sprayed twice with phosalone in 1969 and 1970, per cent damage was about the same (1.0–1.2) each year.

REPLACEMENT OF TYPHLODROMUS OCCIDENTALIS BY T. CAUDIGLANS AND T. PYRI (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE) AFTER CESSATION OF SPRAYS ON APPLE TREES

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Downing ◽  
T. K. Moilliet
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Typhlodromus Caudiglans

AbstractOrganophosphorus sprays were applied during 1968 and 1969 to an unsprayed but otherwise well cared for apple orchard to destroy the resident phytoseiid predators, Typhlodromus caudiglans Schuster and T. pyri Scheuten. The phytoseiid commonly found in commercial orchards in British Columbia, T. occidentalis Nesbitt, was then released into the orchard.The population density of T. occidentalis increased greatly during 1970 but in the absence of sprays the resident predators reappeared. By the end of the 1971 season, T. caudiglans and T. pyri were once again the main phytoseiid predators and T. occidentalis was relegated to an insignificant role.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Growing Systems of Apple on Trunk and Branch Diseases and Pests

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria BOROVINOVA ◽  
Vilina PETROVA ◽  
Svetla MANEVA
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Botryosphaeria Obtusa ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Important Disease

The presented study aimed to determine apples trunk and branch diseases and pests in three growing systems conventional, integrated and biological (organic). The investigations were made on an experimental apple orchard (1 ha) of the Institute of Agriculture at Kyustendil, Southwest Bulgaria in four consecutive years from 2007 to 2010. Three scab resistant cultivars Prima, Florina and Erwin Baur grafted on rootstocks MM106 were planted in 1996. The orchard was divided into four plots. One plot was treated conventionally with a normal pesticide programme, two plots were treated integrated according to the general principles, rules and standards of integrated apple production and one plot for biological (organic). The monitoring of pests and diseases and assessment of their density were done every two weeks. It was established that during the experimental period important disease and pests on apple trees in different growing systems were black rot Botryosphaeria obtusa, apple clearwig moth Synanthedon myopaeformis and shorthole borer Scolytus rugulosus. The damages by trunk and branch diseases and pests on apple were considerable higher in biological growing system. The mean rate of attack of cultivar Erwin Baur by Botryosphaeria obtusa in biological and conventional growing systems was 52.35% and 4.65%, respectively. The percentage of damaged by Scolytus rugulosus trunk and branch area per tree reach to 58.74 in biological and 0.23 in conventional system. Reduced vitality of apple trees growing with out pesticides and mineral fertilizers in biological growing system was the reason for strong infection of Botryosphaeria obtusa and attack of Synanthedon myopaeformis and Scolytus rugulosus.

Note on Preliminary Field Trials of a Bacterium to Control the Codling Moth

1953 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Phillips ◽  
Gordon E. Bucher ◽  
June M. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Set Up

A bacterium, Bacillus cereus F. and F., which was isolated from diseased larvae of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), is pathogenic to the codling moth in laboratory experiments (Stephens, 1952).A series of trials was set up at Kentville to test the effectiveness of this bacterium against codling moth larvae in the field. B. cereus spores were propagated according to the method of Reed and McKercher (1948) and shipped to the field as spore suspensions.

EFFECTS OF A ROTATION OF SIMAZINE, TERBACIL, AND DICHLOBENIL IN A MATURE APPLE ORCHARD

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. HEENEY ◽  
V. WARREN ◽  
S. U. KHAN
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Vicia Cracca ◽  
Mature Apple

Annual yields of mature Kinkead Red Spy apple trees were higher when growth under trees was controlled by a rotation of three herbicides, namely, simazine (2-chloro-4, 6 bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine), terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) and dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) compared to yields of trees in which sod was regularly mowed to control growth of weeds. While weed control with herbicide rotations was not as effective as with continuous usage of a single herbicide, it was commercially acceptable, and the problem of common vetch (Vicia cracca L.) as on escape weed, particularly with continuous simazine was largely avoided. Over the 6-yr period there was little effect on nutrient levels of the foliage. Use of a rotation of herbicides prevented the accumulation of residues in the soil and levels of all herbicides noted in year 1 of the rotation were reduced to negligible amounts 2 yr after a particular herbicide had been applied.

RECENT TRIALS WITH NEW ACARICIDES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA ORCHARDS

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Downing
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Initial Control ◽  
Residual Control ◽  
Residual Effectiveness

In British Columbia, the following acaricides gave good control of the European red mite, Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch), and the brown mite, Bryobia arborea M. & A., when applied to apple trees at the pink bud stage: chlorfensone (p-chlorophenyl p-chlorobenzene sulphonate), fensone (p-chlorophenyl benzene sulphonate), chlorbenside (p-chlorobenzyl p-chlorophenyl sulphide), Genite 923 (2,4-dichlorophenyl benzene sulphonate), Chlorobenzilate (ethyl 4,4′-dichlorobenzilate), and Kelthane (1,1-bis (chlorophenyl) 2,2,2-trichloroethanol). Trithion [O,O-diethyl S-(p-chlorophenyl-thiomethyl) phosphorodithioate] gave good control of the European red mite; it was not tested in the pre-bloom stage against the brown mite.A summer spray of Kelthane or Trithion gave good initial and residual control of European red mite and brown mite; Diazinon (O,O-diethyl-O-[2-isopropyl-4-methyl-pyrimidyl (6)] thiophosphate) gave fair initial control but lacked residual effectiveness. Chlorobenzilate gave good control of the brown mite, the only species against which it was tested in the summer.Chlorfensone and chlorbenside injured apple foliage when applied at the pink bud stage. Chlorfensone, chlorbenside and fensone injured the fruit of some varieties and Genite 923 severely injured apple foliage when used in summer.

Diagnosis of retarded growth in an apple orchard

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (69) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Sitepu ◽  
HR Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Retarded Growth

Soil round trees in an Adelaide apple orchard was sampled to assess the concentrations of Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., stylet-bearing nematodes, soil texture (per cent clay), soil moisture and pH. Correlations between these factors and the size of apple trees (trunk circumference) suggested that parasitic nematodes, Pythium spp. and pH might together be important factors inhibiting tree growth. On the basis of these results, a statement is made on the possible causes of retarded growth in the orchard, and how the problem might be overcome. The main purpose of the work was to devise a simple approach that would enable diagnoses to be made of the causes of retarded growth or poor yield in a crop where several factors seemed to be involved. Such an approach might be useful to extension workers who have to deal with many plant disease problems at the same time.

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