REPLACEMENT OF TYPHLODROMUS OCCIDENTALIS BY T. CAUDIGLANS AND T. PYRI (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE) AFTER CESSATION OF SPRAYS ON APPLE TREES

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Downing ◽  
T. K. Moilliet
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Typhlodromus Caudiglans

AbstractOrganophosphorus sprays were applied during 1968 and 1969 to an unsprayed but otherwise well cared for apple orchard to destroy the resident phytoseiid predators, Typhlodromus caudiglans Schuster and T. pyri Scheuten. The phytoseiid commonly found in commercial orchards in British Columbia, T. occidentalis Nesbitt, was then released into the orchard.The population density of T. occidentalis increased greatly during 1970 but in the absence of sprays the resident predators reappeared. By the end of the 1971 season, T. caudiglans and T. pyri were once again the main phytoseiid predators and T. occidentalis was relegated to an insignificant role.

Spore Coverage and Persistence of Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland Sprayed on Apple Trees against the Codling Moth

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
June M. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Apple Trees

Trials to determine the extent of fruit protection given by spraying spores of Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland on apple trees exposed to natural attack from the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), were carried out in the experimental apple orchard of the Entomology Laboratory at Summerland, British Columbia. Heavy injury was expected there on trees not receiving commercial insecticide applications. Ten test and ten check trees were chosen at random. Check trees received no treatment of any kind. Test trees were treated with six sprays between May 26 and June 29, 1954, and five between August 5 and September 8, 1954.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Growing Systems of Apple on Trunk and Branch Diseases and Pests

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria BOROVINOVA ◽  
Vilina PETROVA ◽  
Svetla MANEVA
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Botryosphaeria Obtusa ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Important Disease

The presented study aimed to determine apples trunk and branch diseases and pests in three growing systems conventional, integrated and biological (organic). The investigations were made on an experimental apple orchard (1 ha) of the Institute of Agriculture at Kyustendil, Southwest Bulgaria in four consecutive years from 2007 to 2010. Three scab resistant cultivars Prima, Florina and Erwin Baur grafted on rootstocks MM106 were planted in 1996. The orchard was divided into four plots. One plot was treated conventionally with a normal pesticide programme, two plots were treated integrated according to the general principles, rules and standards of integrated apple production and one plot for biological (organic). The monitoring of pests and diseases and assessment of their density were done every two weeks. It was established that during the experimental period important disease and pests on apple trees in different growing systems were black rot Botryosphaeria obtusa, apple clearwig moth Synanthedon myopaeformis and shorthole borer Scolytus rugulosus. The damages by trunk and branch diseases and pests on apple were considerable higher in biological growing system. The mean rate of attack of cultivar Erwin Baur by Botryosphaeria obtusa in biological and conventional growing systems was 52.35% and 4.65%, respectively. The percentage of damaged by Scolytus rugulosus trunk and branch area per tree reach to 58.74 in biological and 0.23 in conventional system. Reduced vitality of apple trees growing with out pesticides and mineral fertilizers in biological growing system was the reason for strong infection of Botryosphaeria obtusa and attack of Synanthedon myopaeformis and Scolytus rugulosus.

EFFECTS OF A ROTATION OF SIMAZINE, TERBACIL, AND DICHLOBENIL IN A MATURE APPLE ORCHARD

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. HEENEY ◽  
V. WARREN ◽  
S. U. KHAN
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Vicia Cracca ◽  
Mature Apple

Annual yields of mature Kinkead Red Spy apple trees were higher when growth under trees was controlled by a rotation of three herbicides, namely, simazine (2-chloro-4, 6 bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine), terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) and dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) compared to yields of trees in which sod was regularly mowed to control growth of weeds. While weed control with herbicide rotations was not as effective as with continuous usage of a single herbicide, it was commercially acceptable, and the problem of common vetch (Vicia cracca L.) as on escape weed, particularly with continuous simazine was largely avoided. Over the 6-yr period there was little effect on nutrient levels of the foliage. Use of a rotation of herbicides prevented the accumulation of residues in the soil and levels of all herbicides noted in year 1 of the rotation were reduced to negligible amounts 2 yr after a particular herbicide had been applied.

RECENT TRIALS WITH NEW ACARICIDES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA ORCHARDS

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Downing
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Initial Control ◽  
Residual Control ◽  
Residual Effectiveness

In British Columbia, the following acaricides gave good control of the European red mite, Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch), and the brown mite, Bryobia arborea M. & A., when applied to apple trees at the pink bud stage: chlorfensone (p-chlorophenyl p-chlorobenzene sulphonate), fensone (p-chlorophenyl benzene sulphonate), chlorbenside (p-chlorobenzyl p-chlorophenyl sulphide), Genite 923 (2,4-dichlorophenyl benzene sulphonate), Chlorobenzilate (ethyl 4,4′-dichlorobenzilate), and Kelthane (1,1-bis (chlorophenyl) 2,2,2-trichloroethanol). Trithion [O,O-diethyl S-(p-chlorophenyl-thiomethyl) phosphorodithioate] gave good control of the European red mite; it was not tested in the pre-bloom stage against the brown mite.A summer spray of Kelthane or Trithion gave good initial and residual control of European red mite and brown mite; Diazinon (O,O-diethyl-O-[2-isopropyl-4-methyl-pyrimidyl (6)] thiophosphate) gave fair initial control but lacked residual effectiveness. Chlorobenzilate gave good control of the brown mite, the only species against which it was tested in the summer.Chlorfensone and chlorbenside injured apple foliage when applied at the pink bud stage. Chlorfensone, chlorbenside and fensone injured the fruit of some varieties and Genite 923 severely injured apple foliage when used in summer.

Diagnosis of retarded growth in an apple orchard

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (69) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Sitepu ◽  
HR Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Retarded Growth

Soil round trees in an Adelaide apple orchard was sampled to assess the concentrations of Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., stylet-bearing nematodes, soil texture (per cent clay), soil moisture and pH. Correlations between these factors and the size of apple trees (trunk circumference) suggested that parasitic nematodes, Pythium spp. and pH might together be important factors inhibiting tree growth. On the basis of these results, a statement is made on the possible causes of retarded growth in the orchard, and how the problem might be overcome. The main purpose of the work was to devise a simple approach that would enable diagnoses to be made of the causes of retarded growth or poor yield in a crop where several factors seemed to be involved. Such an approach might be useful to extension workers who have to deal with many plant disease problems at the same time.

scholarly journals Temporal asynchrony, spatial segregation and seasonal abundance of aphids on apple trees

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Perdikis ◽  
D. Lykouressis ◽  
G. Mitropoulou ◽  
P. Tsiantis
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Eriosoma Lanigerum ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Aphis Pomi ◽  
Dysaphis Plantaginea

The species composition and seasonal abundance of aphids and their natural enemies were investigated in an apple orchard located in central Peloponnese. For that purpose shoots were collected at weekly intervals. The aphid species Aphis pomi De Geer (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Eriosomatidae) were recorded. In both years of the study, A. pomi developed higher populations than the other two species. The population of A. pomi was high in June and July. D. plantaginea was present in April and May, with high numbers mainly in May, whilst E. lanigerum was recorded in low numbers from May to July. The number of aphids was not found to differ significantly between samples collected from the northern and southern part of the trees. The species composition of aphid population on each sampled shoot, documented spatial segregation between A. pomi and D. plantaginea. It was proved that the eggs were more commonly laid near the buds of the central part of the twigs. The natural enemies found were predators belonging to the families of Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Syrphidae and Anthocoridae. Generally, their numbers were low.

PHYTOSEIIDAE (ACARINA: MESOSTIGMATA) IN THE NEW JERSEY APPLE ORCHARD ENVIRONMENT WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SPERMATHECAE AND THREE NEW SPECIES

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 673-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Specht
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
New Species ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Phytoseiid Mite ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Amblyseius Fallacis ◽  
Toxic Materials ◽  
Three New Species

AbstractIn New Jersey, Typhlodromus pomi (Parrott) was the only predacious phytoseiid mite on most non-sprayed apple and deciduous trees. It also became the most numerous phytoseiid mite recolonizing apple trees a year after toxic spray residues had dissipated. Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) was the first phytoseiid mite collected from apple trees following cessation of toxic sprays and was usually abundant at the time of large red mite populations; later, an influx of several different species occurred. A. fallacis was the most common phytoseiid mite on low growing plants and was able to tolerate higher residues of toxic materials than other species. Other phytoseiids taken from sprayed apple trees in order of abundance included A. driggeri n. sp., A. amicus (Chant), T. longipilus Nesbitt, T. conspicuus (Garman), T. mexicanus (Garman), T. caudiglans Schuster, and A. pepperi sp. n. Species other than T. pomi found on non-sprayed apple trees were A. finlandicus (Oudemans), T. longipilus, T. caudiglans, and T. conspicuus. None of these species was entirely confined to apple. Five other species were collected that were not found on apple: T. flumenis Chant, T. pyri Scheuten, A. elongatus (Garman), A. okanagensis (Chant), and A. picketti sp. n. Three species collected from greenhouse plants in association with tetranychid mites were: A. fallacis, T. longipilus, and A. picketti.Three new species of Amblyseius are described. Two undescribed males and the spermathecae of the females are illustrated.

Influence of Weather and Time of Day on Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Tree Canopy Entry Behaviors and Evaluation of Traps for Predicting Fruit Injury

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie M. Dixon ◽  
Ronald J. Prokopy ◽  
Brian B. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Conotrachelus Nenuphar ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Plum Curculio ◽  
Local Weather

In the spring of 1997, tree canopy entry behaviors of adult plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), were estimated by three types of traps examined five times each day from 24 May (bloom) until 15 June in an unmanaged apple orchard. In addition, presence of plum curculios in the canopy, ovipositional injury to fruit, and local weather conditions (temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, and wind speed) were monitored. The principal means of entry into apple trees by plum curculios appeared to be direct flights from outside the canopy into the canopy. However, the major means of tree entry on days when large amounts of oviposition occurred appeared to be crawling up or flying onto the trunk. Ovipositional injury to fruit was correlated with high temperature and low barometric pressure. The greatest amount of tree entry occurred between 1800 and 2100h. The strongest correlation found between daily trap captures and daily occurrence of injury was between captures by flight interception traps placed just outside the canopy and injury occurring the following day. Based on this, captures by flight interception traps just outside the canopies of fruit trees may have potential for predicting episodes of plum curculio damage to fruit.

Life History and Habits of the Brown Mite, Bryobia arborea M. & A. (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on Apple in Nova Scotia

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 934-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Life History ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Geographical Race ◽  
Nova Scotian

Morgan and Anderson (1957) discussed in detail the synonymy of the Bryobia praetiosa Koch complex. They raised the apple inhabiting form to species status, and gave it the name, brown mite, Bryobia arborea.The brown mite from apple trees in Nova Scotia was examined by C. V. G. Morgan, Summerland, British Columbia, and found to be morphologically similar to the B. arborea on apple in British Columbia. It is possible, however, that the Nova Scotian form may be a geographical race.

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