Needle-Mining Habits and Larval Instars of the Spruce Budworm

1954 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 439-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair M. McGugan
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
History Of ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
Seasonal History

Many of the early papers on the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), included accounts of the general habits and seasonal history of the insect (9, 13, 18, 10, 22). Later papers have heen concerned principally with ecological or pathological relations, current infestations and damage, or chemical control. There has not been, however, any detailed account of the salient features of the development of the spruce budworm.

A Cartographic History of Spruce Budworm Outbreaks and Aerial Forest Spraying in the Atlantic Region of North America, 1949–1959

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 360-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Webb ◽  
J. R. Blais ◽  
R. W. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
Past Half ◽  
St Lawrence River

The spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) is a forest pest in all Canadian Provinces and Territories, and in the northeastern, midwest, and northwestern Unired States. It is by iar the most destructive insect affeiting the extensive balsam fir-spruce forest types in Ontario, Quebec, the Maritime Provinces, and Maine. Outbreaks of varying extent have been reported from these regions almost every year for the past half-century (deGryse, 1947). Periods in which outbreaks were particularly severe and widespread occurred from about 1909 to 1920 and in the 1940's and 1950's. In both periods, outbreaks showed a tendency to shift from west to east, intensifying first in parts of northern Ontario and Quebec and dying out in the Atlantic region south of the St. Lawrence River.

TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS AND LARVAE OF CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND SIMULATION OF ITS SEASONAL HISTORY

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 717-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Régnière
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Dependent Development ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Rate Of Emergence ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Maximum Development ◽  
Seasonal History

AbstractRelationships between temperature and development rates of eggs, overwintered second-instar larvae, and all larval stages of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) fed on artificial diet were determined. Egg development was observed at eight constant temperatures between 7 and 32°C. It was fastest at 30°C, and showed relatively little variability. The rate of emergence of overwintered second-instar larvae was observed at 10 constant temperatures between 4 and 33°C. Maximum development rates occurred at 30°C. Variability in emergence rates was large, but unimodal. Development rates of the second to sixth larval instars were measured at 10 constant temperatures between 7 and 36°C, and maximum rates were observed, again, at 30°C. Variability in the development rates of the larvae was large, with no correlations between the development rates of the various larval instars. The results of computer simulations of the insect’s seasonal history are presented and discussed.

MORPHOGENETIC EFFECTS OF AN INHIBITOR OF CUTICLE DEVELOPMENT ON THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (8) ◽  
pp. 883-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Retnakaran ◽  
Larry Smith
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Cuticle Development ◽  
Morphogenetic Effects

Abstract1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-urea when ingested by the last two larval instars of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, inhibits cuticle development leading to morphogenetic deformities in the pupal stage. Laboratory and greenhouse studies indicate that this material could be used to control natural populations of spruce budworm.

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF EARLY INSTARS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO HETERORHABDITIS HELIOTHIDIS (NEMATODA: RHABDITIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-287
Author(s):  
Jean R. Finney ◽  
Gordon F. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Cryptic Habitats ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

Finney et al. (1982) reported on the susceptibility of the 4th to 6th larval instars and pupae of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) to Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Khan, Brooks and Hirschmann). This report describes the susceptibility of the first three larval instars to the nematode. First-instar larvae search for suitable sites where they spin hibernacula in which they molt and overwinter as second-instar larvae. Most third-instar larvae burrow within the balsam fir buds. All these stages occupy cryptic habitats to which delivery of chemical pesticides is a problem. Rhabditid nematodes, which can actively seek out a target insect, may prove a more useful control agent under these circumstances.

A new paleoecological approach to reconstruct long-term history of spruce budworm outbreaks

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Simard ◽  
Hubert Morin ◽  
Bruno Potelle
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forest Humus

A new paleoecological indicator was used for retracing the long-term history of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) outbreaks from forest humus. Macrofossil analyses were performed on 28 forest soil profiles (10–20 cm) collected in four balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stands located north of Lake Saint-Jean, Quebec. Direct evidence of the presence of spruce budworm was found. Few pupa fragments were present in the profiles, but the most abundant and well-preserved macrofossils collected were spruce budworm feces. The feces found were associated in part with the three outbreaks that occurred during the last century around 1914, 1952, and 1979. Good correspondence was obtained between the macrofossil results and the known dynamics of two stands, Lib20 and Lib23. However, the method failed to detect specific outbreaks in the other two stands, Lib21 and Lib24. A complementary macrofossil study was conducted on deeper humus profiles (47–70 cm) collected on two islands of Mingan Archipelago. The outbreak history of the last century was retraced, and it was established that spruce budworm was present in the Mingan Archipelago since at least 1520 years BP. The greatest numbers of spruce budworm feces were found in the first 20 cm of the humus profiles corresponding approximately to the 20th century period. Afterward, an important reduction in numbers of feces was observed. This may be attributable to lower levels of spruce budworm populations before the 20th century or the intensification of decomposition with increasing humus depth.

Spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern Quebec over the last 450 years

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1035-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Boulanger ◽  
Dominique Arseneault
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Spatial Synchrony ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Virgin Forest ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
History Of ◽  
Last 300 Years ◽  
First Time

In this study we used dendrochronology to reconstruct the history of eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks over the last 450 years in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of southeastern Quebec. In total, 260 tree cores were sampled from 204 beams in seven historic buildings and 12 trees in a virgin forest stand. Eight previously documented outbreaks (1975–1992, 1947–1958, 1914–1923, 1868–1882, 1832–1845, 1805–1812, 1752–1776, 1710–1724) and three presumed previous outbreaks (1678–1690, 1642–1648, 1577–1600) were identified based on periods of growth reduction. Of these 11 confirmed or presumed outbreaks, six were documented for the first time in eastern Quebec. Such data suggest that outbreak frequency has remained quite stable, with a mean interval of about 40 years between the midpoint of successive outbreaks since the mid-16th century. In addition, together with previous studies, our results indicate a strong spatial synchrony of spruce budworm outbreaks across central and eastern Quebec during the last 300 years. Consequently, our study does not support the hypothesis that spruce budworm outbreak frequency and synchrony increased during the 20th century.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF A MIGROSPORIDIAN PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
Oral Ingestion ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Congenital Transmission ◽  
Host Generation

Limited tests indicate that the microsporidian parasite Perezia fumiferanae is restricted to insect hosts of the genus Choristoneura and for practical purposes to the single species Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). Frozen spores of this parasite were found to be infectious longer than those kept under other conditions but no spores were infectious after 6 months' storage. There are two distinct methods of infection, oral and congenital. Immature eggs within infected female insects are infected by schizonts which develop into spores after the eggs are laid. All infected females, regardless of the degree of infection, transmit the parasite to their offspring, and for practical purposes all the progeny of such females are infected. Offspring of heavily infected females appear to contain more spores than those of lightly infected females. Infected males are sometimes capable of transmitting the parasite to a portion of their offspring. Congenital transmission is responsible for the passage of the parasite from host generation to generation. Increase in the incidence of the parasite occurs by oral ingestion of spores but the habits of the host larvae restrict most transmission to the late larval instars.

Dendrochronological reconstruction of spruce budworm outbreaks in northern Maine, USA

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn Fraver ◽  
Robert S. Seymour ◽  
James H. Speer ◽  
Alan S. White
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
History Of ◽  
Northern White Cedar ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Overstory Trees ◽  
Slow Growing

Using dendrochronological analyses, we reconstructed a 300 year history of eastern spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks in northern interior Maine. By analyzing radial growth patterns from the budworm host, red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.), and nonhost, northern white cedar ( Thuja occidentalis L.), we identified five outbreaks beginning ca. 1709, 1762, 1808, 1914, and 1976, all of which have been documented from eastern Canada. However, little or no evidence was found in our study for the 1830s, 1870s, or 1940s outbreaks also documented there. The mean outbreak return interval in our study (67 years) was roughly twice that postulated for eastern Canada. Differences in forest types, and associated stand dynamics, between the regions may explain the longer return intervals, and consequently the absence of these three outbreaks in Maine. Results also indicate that small, slow-growing trees exhibit a budworm signal very similar to that of overstory trees, once tree-ring series have been properly standardized.

Death and Deterioration of Balsam Fir Weakened by Spruce Budworm Defoliation in Ontario: Part I Notes on the seasonal history and habits of insects breeding in severely weakened and dead trees

1952 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Belyea
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Seasonal History

One of the problems arising from severe outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), is the evaluation of the factors contributing to the decline of the host trees. An intensive study of the death and deterioration of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., was carried out from 1946 to 1951 in the area southwest of Lake Nipigon in northwestern Ontario, where a severe spruce budworm outbreak was in progress.

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF LARVAL INSTARS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Fast ◽  
John B. Dimond
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Prepupal Stage ◽  
Larval Weight ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Full Effect

AbstractDiet incorporation assays detected no difference in susceptibility of instars IV, V, and VI of spruce budworm exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis, either in terms of dose, LC50, or time, LT50. The hypothesis that the dose–response for larvae of each instar fitted a common regression line was statistically acceptable. Differences in the pattern of changes in larval weight of instars IV, V, VI larvae in response to dose were not detected.Small plots were sprayed with 5.5, 10.9, 21.9 BIU/ha at times corresponding to peak instar III, early IV, peak IV, peak V, and peak VI. Instar III larvae were controlled less effectively than were instar IV or V larvae which were controlled equally well. Instar VI larvae were also less effectively controlled than instar IV and V larvae probably because a significant proportion had reached the non-feeding prepupal stage before the full effect of B.t. was obtained.

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