THE INTRODUCTION OF INSECT PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, ARCHIPS FUMIFERANA CLEM., INTO EASTERN CANADA

1946 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wilkes
Keyword(s):  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Adequate Control ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Insect Parasites

The extent and intensity of the present infestation of the spruce budworm, Archips fumiferana Clem., in eastern Canada has become a problem of immense national concern (I). The necessity for further knowledge in formulating adequate control programmes has emphasized the importance of considering the possible utilization of natural insect parasites. As part of the more conprehensive study of control being carried on by the Federal Division of Entomology, the Dominion Parasite Laboratory in cooperation with the Forest Insect Unit instituted a programme of parasite introduction in 1943.

NOTES ON THE INSECT PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORMCHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1948 ◽  
Vol 80 (1-12) ◽  
pp. 138-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wilkes ◽  
H. C. Coppel ◽  
W. G. Mathers
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
General Account ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Insect Parasites

The spruce budworm, Choristoneura (Archips) fumiferana (Clem.) (Tortricidae) has long been considered one of the most injurious forest insect pests in Canada. A general account of past outbreaks and an outline of its biology and bahits are given by Swaine and Craighead (1924). At the time these studies were made investigations were also undertaken by J.D. Tothill and A.B. Baird on the parasites and other natural control factors of the spruce budworm, but although a good deal of work was done, brief reference to which is made by Hewitt (1911, 1912, 1913), very little has been published.

A METHOD FOR REARING THE LARVAL STAGES OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEMENS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 1271-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemendra Mulye ◽  
Roger Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
North America ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Forest Pest ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Physiological Studies

The eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, is the most widely distributed and destructive forest insect pest in North America. Although much is known about the ecology, population dynamics, and impact of C. fumiferana on tree growth (Sanders et al. 1985), there is very little information available on the physiology of this forest pest. Physiological studies are crucial to the development of novel strategies for spruce budworm control.

STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA.TORTRICIDAE): VI. PHOROCERA INCRASSATA SMITH (DIPTERA:TACHINIDAE)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Coppel
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
First Instar

Phorocera incrassala Smith, which was transferred from Western to Eastern Canada for release against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), deposits microtype eggs on leaves, which are later ingested by the host. Eggs hatch immediately after ingestion, but the parasite does not develop beyond the first instar until the host pupates. The larva then develops rapidly, matures in 10 days, and forms its puparium within the host pupal case. The adult emerges in 12 to 14 days. No information is available on the overwintering habits. Among the important characters for identifying the immature stages of P. incrassala are the buccopharyngeal apparatus and the anterior and posterior spiracles.

Second Diapause in Spruce Budworm from Eastern Canada

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
pp. 594-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
George T. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
One Year ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
Second Period

In eastern Canada larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), complete their development in one year, undergoing only one period of winter diapause in the second instar, whereas in certain parts of British Columbia, at high altitudes, two years are normally required for development, the larvae spending a second period of winter diapause in the fourth instar (3, 9). Among laboratory-reared eastern budworm there are a few individuals that enter a similar second diapause (7). The low incidence and somewhat irregular occurrence of this second diapause in eastern budworm, even in laboratory rearings, have hitherto made detailed studies almost impossible, but unusual storage times and treatments used recently in rearing experiments had the unexpected effect of increasing the incidence of this tvpe of behaviour to a level where experimental analysis became possible. This paper describes these larvae and their behaviour; an account of the effects of various conditions upon the incidence of second diapause will be presented later.

Black spruce decline triggered by spruce budworm at the southern limit of lichen woodland in eastern Canada

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2160-2172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Simard ◽  
Serge Payette
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
Epiphytic Lichen ◽  
Spruce Decline

Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) is the dominant tree species of the southernmost (48°N) lichen woodlands in eastern Canada. Most spruce trees in mature lichen woodlands appear to be declining, as shown by the massive invasion of the epiphytic lichen Bryoria on dead branches of dying trees. A dendroecological study was undertaken to identify the main causal factors of the decline. A decline index based on the abundance of Bryoria on spruce trees was used to distinguish healthy from damaged lichen–spruce woodlands and to select sampling sites for tree-ring measurements. Three conifer species (black spruce, balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)) were sampled to compare their growth patterns in time and space. In the late 1970s and mid-1980s, black spruce and balsam fir experienced sharp and synchronous radial-growth reductions, a high frequency of incomplete and missing rings, and mass mortality likely caused by spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) defoliation. Jack pine, a non-host species, showed no such trend. Because black spruce layers were spared, lichen woodlands will eventually regenerate unless fire occurs in the following years. Black spruce decline can thus be considered as a normal stage in the natural dynamics of the southern lichen woodlands.

Artificially Disseminated Virus as a Factor Controlling the European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) in the Absence of Introduced Parasites

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Bird ◽  
J. M. Burk
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Insect Survey ◽  
Forest Biology ◽  
Biology Laboratory ◽  
Disease Free

An outbreak of the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), occurring in Eastern Canada between 1930 and 1942, was controlled by a virus disease (Balch and Bird, 1944). The sawfly has been kept at a low level by the disease and by parasitic insects introduced from Europe (Bird and Elgee, 1957).An infestation of the sawfly was discovered in 1947 near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, by the Forest Insect Survey Section of the Forest Biology Laboratory at Sault Ste. Marie. This infestation was about 100 miles beyond the previously known western distribution of the insect. Intensive larval sampling in 1949 showed that it was free from virus and practically free from introduced parasites. Thus, an excellent opportunity was provided to introduce the virus into a disease-free population, to study its establishment and spread, and to compare the long term effects of virus alone on population trends with the effects that virus plus introduced parasites were shown to have on population trends in New Brunswick (Bird and Elgee, 1957). The virus was introduced into the infestation in 1950 and studies were carried out each year from 1950 to 1959.

Trends in the frequency, extent, and severity of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern Canada

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
History Of

The history of spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks for the past 200 to 300 years, for nine regions in eastern Canada, indicates that outbreaks have occurred more frequently in the 20th century than previously. Regionally, 21 outbreaks took place in the past 80 years compared with 9 in the preceding 100 years. Earlier infestations were restricted to specific regions, but in the 20th century they have coalesced and increased in size, the outbreaks of 1910, 1940, and 1970 having covered 10, 25, and 55 million ha respectively. Reasons for the increase in frequency, extent, and severity of outbreaks appear mostly attributable to changes caused by man, in the forest ecosystem. Clear-cutting of pulpwood stands, fire protection, and use of pesticides against budworm favor fir–spruce stands, rendering the forest more prone to budworm attack. The manner and degree to which each of these practices has altered forest composition is discussed. In the future, most of these practices are expected to continue and their effects could intensify, especially in regions of recent application. Other practices, including large-scale planting of white spruce, could further increase the susceptibility of forest stands. Forest management, aimed at reducing the occurrence of extensive fir–spruce stands, has been advocated as a long-term solution to the budworm problem. The implementation of this measure at a time when man's actions result in the proliferation of fir presents a most serious challenge to forest managers.

Effects of Spruce Budworm Outbreaks on the Productivity and Stability of Balsam Fir Forests

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Ecological Stability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Feasible Method ◽  
Human Usage

Effects of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks on the productivity and stability of forests in eastern Canada are reviewed and discussed. Defoliation results in reduced growth of trees, widespread tree mortality, and loss of wood production, and thereby causes major forest management problems. At present, the only feasible method for limiting damage and losses from budworm outbreaks over large areas is to apply chemical or biological insecticides periodically to kill larvae and protect the forest from defoliation and tree mortality. Although budworm outbreaks definitely disrupt the wood-producing capacity of forests (or the short-term "stability of forests for human usage"), in terms of overall ecological stability, outbreaks apparently act as a cycling mechanism that allows advance fir-spruce regeneration to succeed the fir-spruce overstory.

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