PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF NEARCTIC COLYMBETINAE (COLEOPTERA: ADEPHAGA: DYTISCIDAE) BASED ON CHAETOTAXIC AND POROTAXIC ANALYSIS OF HEAD CAPSULE AND APPENDAGES OF LARVAE

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Alarie
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Campaniform Sensilla ◽  
Ground Plan

AbstractAn analysis of the primary setae and pores (campaniform sensilla) of first instars of 32 species of Colymbetinae, 61 species belonging to other dytiscid subfamilies, and seven species belonging to other families of Hydradephaga was performed to deduce the ancestral system of primary setae and pores of the head capsule and head appendages of Colymbetinae. Sixty-one setae and 46 pores have been assigned to the ground-plan pattern of the colymbetine larva, 27 setae and 20 pores on the head capsule and 34 setae and 26 pores on the cephalic appendages. The pattern proposed for the Colymbetinae is remarkably consistent and similar to the condition observed within the Carabidae. However, members of the Colymbetinae differ strongly from those of Hydroporinae which are characterized by several secondary losses. A preliminary phylogenetic reconstruction of the relationships of colymbetine genera studied based on 41 larval features suggests that the Nearctic fauna includes two monophyletic lineages: (1) (Agabus Leach + Ilybius Erichson) + Agabinus Crotch, and (2) {[Colymbetes Clairville + (Rhantus Dejean + Neoscutopterus Balfour-Browne)] + Matus Aubé}.

PRIMARY SETAE AND PORES ON THE LEGS, THE LAST ABDOMINAL SEGMENT, AND THE UROGOMPHI OF LARVAE OF NEARCTIC COLYMBETINAE (COLEOPTERA: ADEPHAGA: DYTISCIDAE) WITH AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS

1995 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Alarie
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Dorsal Margin ◽  
Campaniform Sensilla ◽  
Monophyletic Origin ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
First Instar

AbstractThrough an analysis of the primary setae and pores (campaniform sensilla) of first-instar larvae of 32 species of Colymbetinae, 33 species belonging to other dytiscid subfamilies, and seven species belonging to other families of Hydradephaga, the ancestral system of primary setae and pores of the legs, the last abdominal segment, and the urogomphi of Colymbetinae is deduced. Seventy-four setae and 24 pores have been assigned to the generalized colymbetine larva: 51 setae and 18 pores on the legs, 15 setae and three pores on the last abdominal segment, and eight setae and three pores on each urogomphus. A comparison with the ground-plan pattern of the subfamily Hydroporinae is provided. Members of Colymbetinae differ from those of Hydroporinae by the presence of setae TR3, AB14, and AB15, the absence of pore ABd, and the presence of a variable number of additional setae on the femur. A tentative phylogenetic reconstruction of the colymbetine genera provided is based on 24 larval characteristics. The monophyletic origin of the subfamily Colymbetinae is confirmed based on the shared presence of seta AB14. Two monophyletic lineages unite basally: (1) [(Agabus Leach + Ilybius Erichson) + Agabinus Crotch], and (2) {[Colymbetes Clairville + (Rhantus Dejean + Neoscutopterus Balfour-Browne)] + Matus Aubé}. The genera Agabinus and Matus are postulated as a sister-group of (Agabus + Ilybius) and [(Colymbetes + (Rhantus + Neoscutopterus)], respectively. Compared with other Colymbetinae, both Neoscutopterus and Matus stand out by the presence of several strikingly peculiar features. The subgenus Rhantus (Nartus) is postulated to be the sister-group of Neoscutopterus based on the shared presence of additional setae on the dorsal margin of the femur.

scholarly journals Comparing mitogenomic timetrees for two African savannah primate genera (Chlorocebus and Papio)

2017 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofya Dolotovskaya ◽  
Juan Torroba Bordallo ◽  
Tanja Haus ◽  
Angela Noll ◽  
Michael Hofreiter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Mtdna Sequences ◽  
East Division ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Statistical Support ◽  
Green Monkeys ◽  
Complete Mtdna

Abstract Complete mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomes have proved to be useful in reconstructing primate phylogenies with higher resolution and confidence compared to reconstructions based on partial mtDNA sequences. Here, we analyse complete mtDNA genomes of African green monkeys (genus Chlorocebus), a widely distributed primate genus in Africa representing an interesting phylogeographical model for the evolution of savannah species. Previous studies on partial mtDNA sequences revealed nine major clades, suggesting several cases of para- and polyphyly among Chlorocebus species. However, in these studies, phylogenetic relationships among several clades were not resolved, and divergence times were not estimated. We analysed complete mtDNA genomes for ten Chlorocebus samples representing major mtDNA clades to find stronger statistical support in the phylogenetic reconstruction than in the previous studies and to estimate divergence times. Our results confirmed para- and polyphyletic relationships of most Chlorocebus species, while the support for the phylogenetic relationships between the mtDNA clades increased compared to the previous studies. Our results indicate an initial west–east division in the northern part of the Chlorocebus range with subsequent divergence into north-eastern and southern clades. This phylogeographic scenario contrasts with that for another widespread African savannah primate genus, the baboons (Papio), for which a dispersal from southern Africa into East and West Africa was suggested.

Natalignathus, gen. nov. and larvae of Atanygnathus: a missing phylogenetic link between subtribes Quediina and Tanygnathinina (Coleoptera:Staphylinidae:Staphylininae:Staphylinini)

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Solodovnikov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
South African ◽  
Unknown Function ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
New Genus ◽  
New South ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Rove Beetle ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Shed Light

Discovery of adults and a larva of Natalignathus, a new South African endemic genus, and examination of previously undescribed larvae of Atanygnathus Jakobson shed light on the phylogenetic relationships of the puzzling rove beetle subtribe Tanygnathinina (Staphylinidae : Staphylininae : Staphylinini). Based on plesiomorphic states for many characters of Natalignathus, gen. nov., inferred on the basis of comparison of the new genus with Atanygnathus, various Quediina and other Staphylinini, Natalignathus can be considered either a relatively plesiomorphy-rich member of Tanygnathinina, or a derived genus of Quediina, essentially linking these two subtribes together. Based on morphological and distributional data, it is preliminarily assumed that Atanygnathus evolved from some lineage of southern Quediina, which currently are very poorly known. Comparative study of the adults of Natalignathus and Atanygnathus allows correction of earlier misinterpretations of the structure of the aedeagus and head capsule ridges of Atanygnathus. Detailed morphological descriptions are provided for adults and a larva of Natalignathus and for the larvae of two species of Atanygnathus, A. bicolor (Casey) and A. sp. 1. Special appendages of unknown function are present on the mesothoracic spiracles of the examined larvae of Atanygnathus. No similar structures are known in any other group of Staphylinidae or Coleoptera. Based on the new findings, a review of the state of knowledge of the subtribes Quediina and Tanygnathinina and an updated diagnosis of the latter are provided.

Cuticular morphology of larval mountain midges (Diptera: Deuterophlebiidae): implications for the phylogenetic relationships of Nematocera

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory W. Courtney
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Larval Morphology ◽  
Food Acquisition ◽  
Cuticular Structure

The cuticular structure of larval mountain midges (Diptera: Deuterophlebiidae) is described, with emphasis on cranial and mouthpart morphology. Homologies are suggested for musculature and external features of the head capsule. External morphology of the thorax and abdomen is described, and a system for deuterophlebiid larval chaetotaxy is presented. Also included is a discussion of the feeding behaviour of deuterophlebiid and blepharicerid larvae, and how differing morphological characteristics influence mechanisms of food acquisition. Larval morphology of the Deuterophlebiidae and other Nematocera provides support for (i) a sister-group relationship between the Deuterophlebiidae and Blephariceridae; (ii) a monophyletic Blephariceromorpha (sensu Wood and Borkent) composed of the Nymphomyiidae + (Deuterophlebiidae + Blephariceridae); and (iii) a sister-group relationship between the Blephariceromorpha and Psychodomorpha (sensu Wood and Borkent).

Phylogeny of Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) based on molecular and morphological analyses

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (6) ◽  
pp. 696-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Jewel C. Uy ◽  
Ji Hyoun Kang ◽  
John C. Morse ◽  
Yeon Jae Bae
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Morphological Findings ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Evolutionary Novelties

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships among the members of Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) have long been debated and often revised. Our study based on a large subunit (28S) nuclear ribosomal DNA (D2 expansion fragment; 464 base pairs) of gene sequences found all genera to be monophyletic except for the genus Polymorphanisus Walker, which produced two clades in accordance with its species groups established using morphological characters. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (658 base pairs) found the same monophyletic relationships, however, except for the genera Polymorphanisus and Macrostemum Kolenati. The placement of the genus Leptonema Guérin-Méneville as the basal clade in the subfamily was also ruled out, which is consistent with previous morphological findings. The monophyly of two previously recognised tribes (Macronematini and Polymorphanisini) was not supported. We also found that the genera Centromacronema Ulmer, Baliomorpha Neboiss, and Macronema Pictet are most closely related, having three head setal warts on the vertex of the head and unsegmented inferior appendages of male genitalia as their synapomorphies. Our study supported the hypothesis of close relationship of the genera Amphipsyche McLachlan and Protomacronema Ulmer with the morphological synapomorphies: absence of a forewing discoidal cell and the presence of elevated head carinae on the larvae. Some notable evolutionary novelties in the structure of adults in various lineages of this subfamily include reduction of maxillae and labium, reduction and loss of a discoidal cell and evolution of a c-sc crossvein in each forewing, fusion of segments in each male inferior appendage, and evolution of dark colour patterns in the forewings. Also, the head setal warts, which are unique organs in Trichoptera, evolved towards a decreasing number in the subfamily. This first molecular phylogenetic study, covering most genera in Macronematinae and including an interpretation of 12 key evolutionary novelties, provides an important basis for resolving long-standing questions regarding phylogenetic relationships and classification of genera and species and helps lay a stronger foundation for inference of testable hypotheses about functional traits for species of this common and widespread subfamily.

scholarly journals Phylogenetically resolving epidemiologic linkage

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 2690-2695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan O. Romero-Severson ◽  
Ingo Bulla ◽  
Thomas Leitner
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Tree Topology ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Coalescent Model ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Transmission Direction

Although the use of phylogenetic trees in epidemiological investigations has become commonplace, their epidemiological interpretation has not been systematically evaluated. Here, we use an HIV-1 within-host coalescent model to probabilistically evaluate transmission histories of two epidemiologically linked hosts. Previous critique of phylogenetic reconstruction has claimed that direction of transmission is difficult to infer, and that the existence of unsampled intermediary links or common sources can never be excluded. The phylogenetic relationship between the HIV populations of epidemiologically linked hosts can be classified into six types of trees, based on cladistic relationships and whether the reconstruction is consistent with the true transmission history or not. We show that the direction of transmission and whether unsampled intermediary links or common sources existed make very different predictions about expected phylogenetic relationships: (i) Direction of transmission can often be established when paraphyly exists, (ii) intermediary links can be excluded when multiple lineages were transmitted, and (iii) when the sampled individuals’ HIV populations both are monophyletic a common source was likely the origin. Inconsistent results, suggesting the wrong transmission direction, were generally rare. In addition, the expected tree topology also depends on the number of transmitted lineages, the sample size, the time of the sample relative to transmission, and how fast the diversity increases after infection. Typically, 20 or more sequences per subject give robust results. We confirm our theoretical evaluations with analyses of real transmission histories and discuss how our findings should aid in interpreting phylogenetic results.

scholarly journals Integrating morphological and molecular approaches for characterizing four species of Dactylogyrus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from Moroccan cyprinids, with comments on their host specificity and phylogenetic relationships

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10867
Author(s):  
Eva Řehulková ◽  
Imane Rahmouni ◽  
Antoine Pariselle ◽  
Andrea Šimková
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Cyprinid Fishes ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Taxonomic Framework ◽  
Phylogenetic Lineages

Cyprinid fishes are known to harbour highly host-specific gill-associated parasites of Dactylogyrus. High similarity in the morphology of sclerotized structures among Dactylogyrus species, especially those parasitizing congeneric cyprinoids, makes their identification difficult. In this paper, four previously known species of Dactylogyrus are characterized and illustrated under a reliable taxonomic framework integrating morphological and molecular evidence, and their phylogenetic relationships are investigated using molecular data. The species are as follows: D. borjensis from Luciobarbus zayanensis; D. draaensis from Luciobarbus lepineyi; D. ksibii from Luciobarbus ksibi and Luciobarbus rabatensis; and D. marocanus from Carasobarbus fritschii, L. ksibi, L. zayanensis and Pterocapoeta maroccana. Our results revealed intraspecific genetic variability among specimens of D. ksibii collected from two different hosts and geographically distant basins. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that Dactylogyrus spp. parasitizing Moroccan cyprinids are representatives of three main lineages corresponding to morphological differences and host specificity. Our records of D. marocanus on L. zayanensis and P. maroccana increase the range of available host species i.e.,eight species of four cyprinid genera representing two phylogenetic lineages (i.e., Barbinae and Torinae).

scholarly journals Extensive Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped Complex Evolutionary History and Underestimated Species Diversity in Rapidly Radiated Dolphins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijian Guo ◽  
Di Sun ◽  
Yang Cao ◽  
Linlin Xiao ◽  
Xin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Sliding Window ◽  
Interspecific Gene Flow ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractRecently diverged taxa are often characterized by high rates of hybridization, which can complicate phylogenetic reconstruction. For this reason, the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of dolphins are still not very well resolved; the question of whether the genera Tursiops and Stenella are monophyletic is especially controversial. Here, we performed re-sequencing of six dolphin genomes and combined them with eight previously published dolphin SRA datasets and six whole-genome datasets to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of dolphins and test the monophyly hypothesis of Tursiops and Stenella. Phylogenetic reconstruction with the maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods of concatenated loci, as well as with coalescence analyses of sliding window trees, produced a concordant and well-supported tree. Our studies support the non-monophyletic status of Tursiops and Stenella because the species referred these genera do not form exclusive monophyletic clades. This suggests that the current taxonomy of both genera might not reflect their evolutionary history and may underestimate their diversity. A four-taxon D-statistic (ABBA-BABA) test, five-taxon DFOIL test, and tree-based PhyloNet analyses all showed extensive gene flow across dolphin species, which could explain the instability in resolving phylogenetic relationship of oceanic dolphins with different and limited markers. This study could be a good case to demonstrate how genomic data can reveal complex speciation and phylogeny in rapidly radiating animal groups.

Can microsatellite markers resolve phylogenetic relationships between closely related crested newt species (Triturus cristatus superspecies)?

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mikulícek ◽  
Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailovic ◽  
Jaroslav Piálek
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Neighbor Joining ◽  
Triturus Cristatus ◽  
Crested Newt ◽  
Polymorphic Microsatellite

AbstractTheoretical and empirical studies revealed that fast evolving microsatellite markers might be successfully employed in phylogenetic reconstruction. In this study we used seven highly polymorphic microsatellite loci and six different genetic distances to infer the performance of microsatellites in estimation of phylogenetic relationships between closely related crested newt species (Triturus cristatus superspecies). Many intraspecific distances exceeded interspecific values likely due to loss of genetic distance linearity in time, revealing that none of them was able to estimate divergence between the species. The Neighbor-joining trees constructed on the basis of genetic distances showed trichotomies (three-way polychotomies) and low bootstrap support at the species level. This study thus revealed limits of microsatellites to estimate phylogenetic relationships between the crested newt taxa.

scholarly journals The evolution of the vestibular apparatus in apes and humans

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Urciuoli ◽  
Clément Zanolli ◽  
Amélie Beaudet ◽  
Jean Dumoncel ◽  
Frédéric Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Vestibular Apparatus ◽  
Likelihood Methods ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Bony Labyrinth ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Methods ◽  
Geometric Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Fossil Apes

Phylogenetic relationships among extinct hominoids (apes and humans) are controversial due to pervasive homoplasy and the incompleteness of the fossil record. The bony labyrinth might contribute to this debate, as it displays strong phylogenetic signal among other mammals. However, the potential of the vestibular apparatus for phylogenetic reconstruction among fossil apes remains understudied. Here we test and quantify the phylogenetic signal embedded in the vestibular morphology of extant anthropoids (monkeys, apes and humans) and two extinct apes (Oreopithecus and Australopithecus) as captured by a deformation-based 3D geometric morphometric analysis. We also reconstruct the ancestral morphology of various hominoid clades based on phylogenetically-informed maximum likelihood methods. Besides revealing strong phylogenetic signal in the vestibule and enabling the proposal of potential synapomorphies for various hominoid clades, our results confirm the relevance of vestibular morphology for addressing the controversial phylogenetic relationships of fossil apes.

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