Ethernet transmission method based on modified format for distribution domain protection system

This paper proposes an Ethernet transmission method based on modified format, which is applied to the distribution domain protection system. By tagging Ethernet data new identifications, the data has unique identity information in transmission. The switch replicates data and transmit it in two directions. When the ring network is destroyed, there is no data loss caused by switching the transmission direction. The distribution domain protection system realizes ring network with seamless redundancy.

Identification of Genetically Related HCV Infections Among Self-Described Injecting Partnerships

Background The current opioid epidemic across the United States has fueled a surge in the rate of new hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among young persons who inject drugs (PWIDs). Paramount to interrupting transmission is targeting these high-risk populations and understanding the underlying network structures facilitating transmission within these communities. Methods Deep sequencing data were obtained for 52 participants from 32 injecting partnerships enrolled in the U-Find-Out (UFO) Partner Study, which is a prospective study of self-described injecting dyad partnerships from a large community-based study of HCV infection in young adult PWIDs from San Francisco. Phylogenetically linked transmission events were identified using traditional genetic-distance measures and viral deep sequence phylogenies reconstructed to determine the statistical support of inferences and the direction of transmission within partnerships. Results Using deep sequencing data, we found that 12 of 32 partnerships were genetically similar and clustered. Three additional phylogenetic clusters were found describing novel putative transmission links outside of the injecting relationship. Transmission direction was inferred correctly for 5 partnerships with the incorrect transmission direction inferred in more than 50% of cases. Notably, we observed that phylogenetic linkage was most often associated with a lower number of network partners and involvement in a sexual relationship. Conclusions Deep sequencing of HCV among self-described injecting partnerships demonstrates that the majority of transmission events originate from outside of the injecting partnership. Furthermore, these findings caution that phylogenetic methods may be unable to routinely infer the direction of transmission among PWIDs especially when transmission events occur in rapid succession within high-risk networks.

X-ray Radiography Inspection of Pores of Thin Aluminum Foam during Press Forming Immediately after Foaming

Forming aluminum foam to the desired shape while retaining its pore structures is essential for manufacturing aluminum foam products. Recently, a press forming process for aluminum foam that is performed after precursor foaming but before solidification has been proposed. In this study, to track individual pores throughout press forming immediately after foaming, X-ray radiography inspection was applied. A thin precursor was used, and foaming was constrained to the X-ray transmission direction. It was shown that, although some pores coalesced with other pores, the pores did not collapse during press forming. In addition, the porosity of aluminum foam evaluated from X-ray transmission images was constant during press forming. Some pores retained their shape during press forming but their position was changed by the material flow generated by press forming. These results show that by press forming before the solidification of aluminum foam, aluminum foam can be shaped without the collapse of pores.

UNIVERSAL INVARIANT ECHOCOMPENSATION METHOD IN DUPLEX COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Предлагается универсальный метод эхокомпенсации в дуплексных системах связи, инвариантный относительно амплитудной характеристики паразитного эхотракта устройств разделения направлений передачи. Теоретическое обоснование метода базируется на отображении линейных и нелинейных измерений сигналов передатчика в эхотракте проективной группой преобразований и использовании инварианта этой группы для расчета копий сигналов передатчика на выходе эхотракта. It is proposed the universal method of echocompensation in duplex communication systems, which is invariant with respect to the amplitude characteristic of the parasitic echo path of transmission direction separation devices. The theoretical justification of the method is based on the mapping of linear and nonlinear measurements of the transmitter signals in the echo path by a projective group of transformations and using the invariant of this group to calculate copies of the transmitter signals at the output of the echo path.

USING PHYLOGENETICS TO ACCURATELY INFER HIV-1 TRANSMISSION DIRECTION

Inferring the direction of transmission between linked individuals living with HIV provides unparalleled power to understand the epidemiology that determines transmission. State-of-the-art approaches to infer directionality use phylogenetic ancestral state reconstruction to identify the individual in whom the most recent common ancestor of the virus populations originated. However, these methods vary in their accuracy when applied to different datasets and it is currently unclear under what circumstances inferring directionality is inaccurate and when bias is more likely. To evaluate the performance of phylogenetic ancestral state reconstruction, we inferred directionality for 112 HIV transmission pairs where the direction of transmission was known, and detailed additional information was available. Next, we fit a statistical model to evaluate the extent to which epidemiological, sampling, genetic and phylogenetic factors influenced the outcome of the inference. Third, we repeated the analysis under real-life conditions when only routinely collected data are available. We found that the inference of directionality depends principally on the topology class and branch length characteristics of the phylogeny. Specifically, directionality is most correctly inferred when the phylogenetic diversity and the minimum root-to-tip distance in the transmitter is greater than that of the recipient partner and when the minimum inter-host patristic distance is large. Similarly, under real-life conditions, the probability of identifying the correct transmitter increases from 52%--when a monophyletic-monophyletic or paraphyletic-polyphyletic tree topology is observed, when the sample size in both partners is small and when the tip closest to the root does not agree with the state at the root--to 93% when a paraphyletic-monophyletic topology is observed, when the sample size is large and when the tip closest to the root agrees with the state at the root. Our results support two conclusions. First, that discordance between previous studies in inferring transmission direction can be explained by differences in key phylogenetic properties that arise due to different evolutionary, epidemiological and sampling processes; and second that easily calculated metrics from the phylogenetic tree of the transmission pair can be used to evaluate the accuracy of inferring directionality under real-life conditions for use in population-wide studies. However, given that these methods entail considerable uncertainty, we strongly advise against using these methods for individual pair-level analysis.

IDENTIFICATION OF GENETICALLY RELATED HCV INFECTIONS AMONG SELF-DESCRIBED INJECTING PARTNERSHIPS

Background. The current opioid epidemic across the United States has fueled a surge in the rate of new HCV infections among young persons who inject drugs (PWIDs). Paramount to interrupting transmission is targeting these high-risk populations and understanding the underlying network structures facilitating transmission within these communities. Methods. Deep sequencing data were obtained for 52 participants from 32 injecting partnerships enrolled in the UFO Partner Study which is a prospective study of self-described injecting dyad partnerships from a large community-based study of HCV infection in young adult PWIDs from San Francisco. Phylogenetically linked transmission events were identified using traditional genetic-distance measures and viral deep sequence phylogenies reconstructed to determine the statistical support of inferences and the direction of transmission within partnerships. Results. Using deep sequencing data, we found that 12 of 32 partnerships were genetically similar and clustered. Three additional phylogenetic clusters were found describing novel putative transmission links outside of the injecting relationship. Transmission direction was inferred correctly for five partnerships with the incorrect transmission direction inferred in more than 50% of cases. Notably, we observed that phylogenetic linkage was most often associated with a lower number of network partners and involvement in a sexual relationship.

Loss-induced nonreciprocity

Nonreciprocity is important in both optical information processing and topological photonics studies. Conventional principles for realizing nonreciprocity rely on magnetic fields, spatiotemporal modulation, or nonlinearity. Here we propose a generic principle for generating nonreciprocity by taking advantage of energy loss, which is usually regarded as harmful. The loss in a resonance mode induces a phase lag, which is independent of the energy transmission direction. When multichannel lossy resonance modes are combined, the resulting interference gives rise to nonreciprocity, with different coupling strengths for the forward and backward directions, and unidirectional energy transmission. This study opens a new avenue for the design of nonreciprocal devices without stringent requirements.

Chinese Neologisms in the Field of Fandom: From a Rhetorical Perspective

In this paper, I investigate Chinese neologisms in the field of fandom from a rhetorical perspective. Chinese fans either borrow existing expressions, sometimes Internet neologisms, and employ them in a novel approach, or create new expressions. Fandom neologisms may involve conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy. Metaphor can be categorised into playful metaphors and visual metaphors, the former of which may be concerning war, food or sex. Sex-related metaphors in fan neologisms are expressed via euphemismby means of alphabetic words, homophones and altered characters, owing to social taboo and Internet language usage regulation. In terms of fandom neologisms involving metonymy, they may be accompanied by nominalisation, verbification and hyperbole. Moreover, my observation indicates that Chinese fandom neologisms normally demonstrate semantic opaqueness, which I presume might be correlated with recognition memory. As a subcategory of Internet neologisms generated from networked grassroots communication,fandom neologisms demonstrate an upward transmission direction, as well as a potential to enter the mainstream lexicon by means of being cited by the traditional media.