scholarly journals A SIMULATION MODEL OF HOUSE FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) DEVELOPMENT IN POULTRY MANURE

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Lysyk ◽  
R.C. Axtell
Keyword(s):  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Empirical Correction ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mean Time

AbstractDevelopmental times were determined at constant temperatures for egg–larval (prepupal) and egg–larval–adult (preadult) house flies in poultry manure. Developmental time decreased as temperature increased but declined at temperatures above 35°C. The average time from oviposition to pupation ranged from 26.8 days at 16°C to 5.2 days at 35°C, and the average time to adult emergence ranged from 43.1 to 8.8 days. Pupae were formed at 41°C, but no adults emerged above 38°C. The relationship between developmental rate and temperature was determined and used in a rate summation model to simulate prepupal and preadult developmental times in poultry manure, with manure bed temperature as input. The model was tested on the basis of developmental times determined in a poultry house during the fly-breeding season. The observed mean time to pupation under field temperatures ranged from 6.7 to 15.6 days, and adult emergence required from 12.5 to 27.1 days. Simulations were closest to the observed times when actual manure bed temperatures were used as input; however, soil temperatures obtained from a nearby weather station also provided satisfactory simulation results after an empirical correction was used.

SIMULATING DEVELOPMENT OF IMMATURE HORN FLIES, HAEMATOB1A IRRITANSIRRITANS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), IN ALBERTA

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 841-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Lysyk
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Rate Equations ◽  
Adult Eclosion ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fluctuating Temperatures

AbstractDevelopmental times were determined at constant temperatures for an Alberta population of horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.). Prepupal (egg and larval) developmental time was determined at seven constant temperatures and ranged from 8.9 days at 20.1°C to 3.5 days at 34.5°C. Prepupal development averaged 44.8% of the preadult (egg, larval, and pupal) developmental time. Preadiilt developmental time was determined at 43 constant temperatures and ranged from 41.6 days at 15°C to 8.4 days at 35°C. The relationship between preadult developmental rate and constant temperature was used in a model to simulate developmental times of horn fly immatures exposed to fluctuating temperatures. The model simulated adult eclosion times well. Deviations of simulated from observed (observed – simulated) mean developmental times averaged 0.4 (SD = 1.3) days, and were less than those found when previously published developmental rate equations were used.

LIFE HISTORY AND BEHAVIOR OF PODISUS MODESTUS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) IN BOREAL FOREST IN QUEBEC

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 662-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Tostowaryk
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Logistic Curve ◽  
Animal Food ◽  
Preoviposition Period ◽  
First Instar ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPodisus modestus (Dallas) has one generation per year in the boreal forest of Quebec. Adults hibernate in the litter and soil from mid-autumn to late spring. Overwintered adults were found in the field until the latter part of August. Adults mated shortly after emergence from hibernation. Females mated an average of three times during the summer; the maintenance of a supply of highly fertile eggs apparently required this periodic mating. Young adults, which emerge from August to October, neither mated nor laid eggs before hibernation.The preoviposition period after first mating was 10 to 19 days. Females laid an average of 7.9 egg masses (average of 16.7 eggs per mass) at intervals of 1 to 25 days on jack pine, and on Kalmia and Vaccinium spp.Eighty per cent of the eggs hatched successfully after a mean incubation period of 15.3 days; 12% did not develop while 8% developed and were destroyed, during hatching, by other first-instar nymphs in the brood. Maturing nymphs spent an average of 7.7, 7.7, 7.8, 11.9, and 23.8 days in each of the five respective stadia, and required 59 days from hatching to adult emergence. A logistic curve describes the relationship between developmental time and temperature. First-instar nymphs required no animal food, but during each of the last four instars animal food was required for maturation. The hunting and feeding behavior, food consumption, abundance and mortality of P. modestus are also described.

Effect of temperature on the development of the aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.N. Bayoh ◽  
S.W. Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractGlobal warming may affect the future pattern of many arthropod-borne diseases, yet the relationship between temperature and development has been poorly described for many key vectors. Here the development of the aquatic stages of Africa's principal malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles, is described at different temperatures. Development time from egg to adult was measured under laboratory conditions at constant temperatures between 10 and 40°C. Rate of development from one immature stage to the next increased at higher temperatures to a peak around 28°C and then declined. Adult development rate was greatest between 28 and 32°C, although adult emergence was highest between 22 and 26°C. No adults emerged below 18°C or above 34°C. Non-linear models were used to describe the relationship between developmental rate and temperature, which could be used for developing process-based models of malaria transmission. The utility of these findings is demonstrated by showing that a map where the climate is suitable for the development of aquatic stages of A. gambiae s.s. corresponded closely with the best map of malaria risk currently available for Africa.

FIFTY PER CENT TIME TO PUPATION AS A MEASURE OF DEVELOPMENTAL TIME IN TRIBOLIUM

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukio Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Emergence Time ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Cent Time ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Relationship

A technique for measuring developmental time in insects is proposed. The method is similar to the widely used 50% lethal dose (LD50). The major advantage for this technique, TP50 for pupation time and TE50 for adult emergence time, is the complete avoidance of introducing environmental correlations to the relationship among traits by handling. Standard deviations for TP50 and TE50 are obtained from the slope fitted to the data without resorting to individual observations.

Biological traits of the predatory mirid Macrolophus praeclarus, a candidate biocontrol agent for the Neotropical region

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Meritxell Pérez-Hedo ◽  
Carolina Gallego ◽  
Amy Roda ◽  
Barry Kostyk ◽  
Mónica Triana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Predatory Mirid

Abstract The predatory mirid Macrolophus praeclarus is widely distributed throughout the Americas, and is reported to prey upon several horticultural pest species. However, little is known about its biology, thermal requirements, crop odour preferences, phytophagy, and capability to induce defensive responses in plants. When five temperatures studied (20, 25, 30, 33 and 35°C) were tested and Ephestia kuehniella was used as prey, the developmental time from egg to adult on tomato, was longest at 20°C (56.3 d) and shortest at 33°C (22.7 d). The ability of nymphs to develop to adults decreased as the temperature increased, with the highest number of nymphs reaching the adult stage at 20°C (78.0%) and lowest at 35°C (0%). The lower and upper developmental thresholds were estimated at 11.2° and 35.3°C, respectively. The maximum developmental rate occurred at 31.7°C and the thermal constant was 454.0 ± 8.1 degree days. The highest predation rate of E. kuehniella eggs was obtained at 30°C. In Y-tube olfactory choice tests, M. praeclarus selected tomato, sweet pepper and eggplant odours more frequently than no plant control treatment. Macrolophus praeclarus feeding did not damage tomato plants compared to another zoophytophagous mirid, Nesidiocoris tenuis, which caused necrotic rings. The phytophagy of M. praeclarus induced defensive responses in tomato plants through the upregulation of the jasmonic acid metabolic pathway. The implications of the findings for using M. praeclarus in tomato biological control programmes in the Americas are discussed.

Screening and Biochemical Analysis on Blackgram Genotypes for Resistance against Storage Pest Bruchine [Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)]

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ragul ◽  
N. Manivannan ◽  
K. Iyanar ◽  
N. Ganapathy ◽  
G. Karthikeyan
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Biochemical Components ◽  
Storage Pest ◽  
Confirmatory Trial

Background: Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is a rich source of protein. It is one of the major crops essentially involved in daily human diets. However, storage pest bruchine [Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)] is a major production constraint for legumes. A research was formulated to assess the bruchine resistance in 20 blackgram genotypes along with the biochemical analysis to find out the active biochemical components responsible for the resistance activity.Methods: The experiment was carried out during August- October, 2019 at Entomology Laboratory, National Pulses Research Center, Vamban, India. The experimental material comprised of 20 blackgram genotypes which were screened for bruchine resistance. Further, confirmatory trial was conducted with selected resistant entries and highly susceptible entries during October- December, 2019. Both experiments were carried out in completely randomized design and replicated three times. GC-MS analysis on the resistant and susceptible entries were performed to ascertain the active biochemical components conferring resistance.Result: Among the genotypes, TU 68 had comparatively late developmental time (days), less number of adult emergence, higher mean developmental period (days), less susceptibility index, less seed damage (%) and less seed weight loss (%). Genotype TU 68 was found to be resistant in the confirmatory trial also. Less number of adult emergence and higher mean developmental period indicated the delayed developmental period which is a mechanism of bruchine resistance. GC-MS analysis on resistant (TU 68) and susceptible (MDU 1) genotypes indicated the presence of active biochemical compounds with insectifuge activity in TU 68. Hence, TU 68 could be utilized in the hybridization programmeas donor for bruchine resistance.

scholarly journals Spring emergence of Canadian Delia radicum and synchronization with its natural enemy, Aleochara bilineata

2010 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.D. Andreassen ◽  
U. Kuhlmann ◽  
J.W. Whistlecraft ◽  
J.J. Soroka ◽  
P.G. Mason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Aleochara Bilineata ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Models Of Development ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Truncated Normal ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Spring Emergence

AbstractTo characterize time of spring emergence following post-diapause development, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and southwestern Ontario were collected in fall, maintained over winter at 1 °C, then transferred to higher constant temperatures until adult emergence. At each location there were “early” and “late” phenotypes. Truncated normal models of temperature dependency of development rate were fitted for each phenotype from each location. We provide the first evidence of geographic variation in the criteria separating these phenotypes. Separation criteria and models for early and late phenotypes at the two prairie locations, approximately 700 km apart, were indistinguishable, but differed from those for Ontario. Prairie phenotypes developed more slowly than Ontario phenotypes, and more prairie individuals were of the late phenotype. Poor synchronization of spring emergence could impair predation of D. radicum eggs by adult Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Aleochara bilineata from Manitoba were reared and development rates modelled as for D. radicum. Models of development rates for the two species, when combined with simulated soil temperatures for two prairie locations, suggest that emergence of adult A. bilineata is well synchronized with availability of D. radicum eggs in prairie canola.

scholarly journals Seasonal emergence of selected summer annual weed species in dependence on soil temperature

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 444-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jursík ◽  
J. Holec ◽  
J. Soukup ◽  
V. Venclová
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Main Field ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Field Emergence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Galinsoga Ciliata ◽  
Surface Layer Temperature ◽  
Mass Field

This study aimed to describe emergence cycles of selected weed species under Central European conditions in relation to cumulative soil temperatures from the start of the vegetation season. Emergence of Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli, Galinsoga ciliata, and Abutilon theophrasti was observed from March to October during the period 2001–2006 at two locations. The beginning of main field emergence was determined as the day when the sum of effective hour temperatures was achieved, and was detected from the second decade of April to early May for C. album, in the second decade of May for E. crus-galli, from late April to the beginning of May for G. ciliata, and from the end of April to mid-May for A. theophrasti. The relationship between cumulative soil surface layer temperature and weed mass field emergence at the beginning of the growing season is very direct (differences ±7 days) – but only when soil moisture is sufficient. In a drier spring, the beginning of mass field emergence occurs with 1–4 weeks of delay and field emergence is usually slower and protracted.

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