EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON OVIPOSITION, FEEDING, AND LONGEVITY OF LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Parrella
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Liriomyza Trifolii ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Feeding

AbstractThe effect of selected constant temperatures (15.6°, 21.1°, 26.7°, 32.2°, 37.8 °C) on oviposition, feeding, and longevity of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) was examined in the laboratory with chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, as a host plant. There was no significant difference in total feeding at 21.1°, 26.7°, and 32.2 °C nor was there significant difference in egg deposition at these temperatures. The ratio egg deposition: feeding was significantly larger at 26.7 °C. Longevity was similar (12–16 days) at all temperatures except 37.8 °C where it was reduced to ca. 3 days. The effect of temperature was more pronounced when feeding and oviposition were analyzed per day. Maximum feeding occurred at 32.2 °C while significantly more oviposition was found at 26.7 °C. An estimate of the threshold temperature for oviposition was 12.2 °C which was higher than that observed experimentally (10 °C). Ninety percent of oviposition occurred with 550°D of adult female life (above base 10 °C).

Effect of temperature and host plant leaf morphology on the efficacy of two entomopathogenic biocontrol agents of Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.G.S. Cuthbertson ◽  
J.P. North ◽  
K.F.A. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Verticillium Lecanii ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Juvenile Mortality ◽  
Thrips Palmi ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThe efficacy of two entomopathogenic biocontrol agents, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) and Verticillium lecanii (Zimmerman) Viégas (reclassified now as Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & Gams), against Thrips palmi Karny was investigated. Assessments of the effect of temperature on the efficacy of S. feltiae indicated that higher mortality of T. palmi was recorded at 20°C compared to either 15 or 25°C, whereas significantly higher T. palmi mortality followed application of L. muscarium at 25°C. Testing the control agents efficacy on three host plants; chrysanthemum, sweet pepper and cucumber, under constant temperature and high humidity conditions produced no significant difference in the level of T. palmi larval mortality on each host plant. Incorporating the chemical insecticide imidacloprid with both biological agents in a combined control strategy increased T. palmi juvenile mortality. The potential role of S. feltiae and L. muscarium within integrated pest management programmes for the control of T. palmi is discussed.

scholarly journals Theoretical Effect of Temperature on Threshold in the Hodgkin-Huxley Nerve Model

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 989-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Fitzhugh
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Time ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Giant Axon ◽  
Temperature Curve ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Ionic Conductances ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
The Right ◽  
Increasing Temperature

In the squid giant axon, Sjodin and Mullins (1958), using 1 msec duration pulses, found a decrease of threshold with increasing temperature, while Guttman (1962), using 100 msec pulses, found an increase. Both results are qualitatively predicted by the Hodgkin-Huxley model. The threshold vs. temperature curve varies so much with the assumptions made regarding the temperature-dependence of the membrane ionic conductances that quantitative comparison between theory and experiment is not yet possible. For very short pulses, increasing temperature has two effects. (1) At lower temperatures the decrease of relaxation time of Na activation (m) relative to the electrical (RC) relaxation time favors excitation and decreases threshold. (2) For higher temperatures, effect (1) saturates, but the decreasing relaxation times of Na inactivation (h) and K activation (n) factor accommodation and increased threshold. The result is a U-shaped threshold temperature curve. R. Guttman has obtained such U-shaped curves for 50 µsec pulses. Assuming higher ionic conductances decreases the electrical relaxation time and shifts the curve to the right along the temperature axis. Making the conductances increase with temperature flattens the curve. Using very long pulses favors effect (2) over (1) and makes threshold increase monotonically with temperature.

scholarly journals The effect of temperature on spontaneous action potential discharge of the isolated sinus venosus from winter and summer plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
A A Harper ◽  
I P Newton ◽  
P W Watt
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Cardiac Pacemaker ◽  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Pacemaker Activity ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Diastolic Depolarization ◽  
Significant Difference

The spontaneous cardiac pacemaker activity and conformation were recorded in vitro, using intracellular recording methods, from heart tissue of summer- and winter-caught plaice. The effects of changing temperature on the pacemaker rate, duration of action potential and diastolic depolarization were investigated by altering the temperature of the superfusing medium. The resting intrinsic rate of discharge was significantly greater in pacemaker cells from winter plaice (P=0.05), but there was no significant difference between winter and summer fish in the apparent Arrhenius activation energies for this process. However, there was a significant difference in the estimated intercept, indicating a thermal shift in the processes underlying the spontaneous pacemaker rhythm. There was no significant difference in the diastolic depolarization duration recorded from winter and summer fish over the temperature range 4­22 °C. The major effect of previous environmental temperature was on the duration of the action potential (P<0.02), indicating that the observed changes in pacemaker discharge rate were not influenced by the processes that determine the duration of the pacemaker diastolic depolarisation but were modulated by the channel events that give rise to the action potential.

scholarly journals Environmental Temperatures Affect the Gastrointestinal Microbes of the Chinese Giant Salamander

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lifeng Zhu ◽  
Wei Zhu ◽  
Tian Zhao ◽  
Hua Chen ◽  
Chunlin Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Effect ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiome ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Unweighted Unifrac ◽  
Sample Time

An increasing number of studies have shown that warming also influences the animal gut microbiome (altering the community structure and decreasing its diversity), which might further impact host fitness. Here, based on an analysis of the stomach and gut (the entire intestine: from the anterior intestine to the cloaca) microbiome in laboratory larva of giant salamanders (Andrias davidianus) under different living water temperatures (5, 15, and 25°C) at two sample time points (80 and 330 days after the acclimation), we investigated the potential effect of temperature on the gastrointestinal microbiome community. We found the significant Interaction between sampling time and temperature, or type (stomach and gut) on Shannon index in the gastrointestinal microbiome of the giant salamanders. We also found the significant difference in Shannon index among temperature groups within the same sample type (stomach or gut) at each sample time. 10% of variation in microbiome community could be explained by temperature alone in the total samples. Both the stomach and gut microbiomes displayed the highest similarity in the microbiome community (significantly lowest pairwise unweighted Unifrac distance) in the 25-degree group between the two sampling times compared to those in the 5-degree and 15-degree groups. Moreover, the salamanders in the 25°C treatment showed the highest food intake and body mess compared to that of other temperature treatments. A significant increase in the abundance of Firmicutes in the gastrointestinal microbiome on day 330 with increasing temperatures might be caused by increased host metabolism and food consumption. Therefore, we speculate that the high environmental temperature might indirectly affect both alpha and beta diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiome.

scholarly journals The effect of temperature and digested sewage sludge cover over tailings on the leaching of contaminants from Ballangen tailings deposit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinmei Lu ◽  
Tiina Leiviskä ◽  
Ingar Walder
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Mine Drainage ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Leaching Experiment ◽  
Change Context ◽  
Digested Sewage Sludge

Abstract Dry covers can be applied above tailings to reduce and prevent formation of acid mine drainage and leaching of contaminants. Efficiency of covers is affected by different parameters, of which temperature change under climate change context is one. Here, a laboratory column leaching experiment was performed under four temperatures, 5, 10, 14, and 18 °C on unoxidized tailings from Ballangen, Norway. 600 mL of water was added to each column every second week and leachate collected and analyzed for pH, salinity, alkalinity, concentrations of sulfate, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn. A thin layer of digested sewage sludge was added to columns after the 16th leaching cycle. In total, 21 leaching cycles were performed. Results showed low oxidation of tailings and therefore high pH and low salinity, SO42−, Fe, Ni, and Co in the leachates at leaching temperature of 5 °C. Addition of sludge cover slowed down oxidation of underlying tailings and decreased leaching of SO42−, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn from the tailings deposit, especially at relatively high temperature. 10 °C is a threshold temperature, below which leaching is not affected by the cover addition so much. At a leaching temperature higher than 10 °C, the sludge cover addition can reduce the leaching of elements significantly.

scholarly journals Comparative Study Between ATOMES Novels, NOVOSECT SC21®, ATO BED BUG® and NEO-BOOST® as a Bio-organic Solution in Managing Tomato Open Field Plantation in Hrajel Area in Lebanon

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dalida Darazy ◽  
Elias Zgheib ◽  
Johnny Nehme ◽  
Marwan Dagher ◽  
Dani Fadel
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Tuta Absoluta ◽  
Liriomyza Trifolii ◽  
Mortality Level ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Impacts

The increasing use of chemical insecticides has adversely effected the environment and increased insect resistance. Biopesticides have been noticed the potential to be an excellent alternative to chemicals to reduce the negative impacts to human health and the environment. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is the second most important vegetable crop worldwide due to its nutritional importance. The effect of NOVOSECT SC21® (0.5 L/200 L), ATO BED BUGS® (1 L/200 L) and NEO-BOOST® (1 kg/200 L) against Tuta absoluta, Liriomyza trifolii and Alternaria solani was studied. A complete randomized block design (CRBD) was used with three replications, three treatments and one control in Hrajel area in Lebanon in the summer of 2020. We evaluated the level of infestation and larval mortality level of Tuta absoluta, Liriomyza trifolii and Alternaria solani infection 24, 48 and 72 hr after the application. Results showed that NOVOSECT SC21® (Mix of metabolites of the Bacillus F.D. 777) was the most efficient in decreasing the infestation and inducing larval mortality level of T. absoluta and L. trifolii and the fungal infection induced by A. solani with significant difference with time, followed respectively by ATO BED BUGS® and finally NEO-BOOST®.

The Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Instar Length in Calandra Granaria Linn

1947 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-94
Author(s):  
L. E. S. EASTHAM ◽  
F. SEGROVE
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Humidity ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

1. The effects of temperature and humidity on the duration of each instar of the life cycle of Calandra granaria Linn. have been examined. The insects were reared at temperatures ranging from 15 to 30° C. and at atmospheric humidities ranging from 40 to 80% R.H. 2. A method is described for assessing the effect of temperature as an independent factor. 3. The temperatures employed fall within the ‘vital zone’. Extrapolation indicates the threshold temperature to be approximately 11° C. for the egg and larval instars though somewhat lower for the pupa. 30° C. is below the optimum temperature. 4. The durations of the egg and pupal stages are not affected by atmospheric humidity. 5. The duration of all larval instars is affected by moisture. It is suggested that this is largely due to atmospheric humidity and that food water is of little significance. 6. Shortage of moisture acts as an obstacle to development. Evidence is presented which indicates that drier atmospheres tend to desiccate the insect and that desiccation is responsible for retarded growth and development. 7. Since much earlier work on temperature and moisture has been done on fasting insects and, therefore, on insects deficient in one of the most important environmental factors, we suggest that our results, incomplete as they are, indicate the need for new approaches to be made. More complete data on feeding insects under controlled conditions of food, temperature and moisture are required, from which can be drawn up more complete balance sheets of development involving measurements of food utilization and respiratory rates.

scholarly journals Changing Host Plants Causes Structural Differences in the Parasitoid Complex of the Monophagous Moth Yponomeuta evonymella, but Does Not Improve Survival Rate

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukowski ◽  
Janek ◽  
Baraniak ◽  
Walczak ◽  
Karolewski
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Larval Rearing ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
New Host ◽  
Parasitoid Complex ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Enemy Free Space

Recently in Poland, cases of host expansion have frequently been observed in the typically monophagous bird-cherry ermine moth (Yponomeuta evonymella), which has moved from its native host plant, bird cherry (Prunus padus), to a new, widely distributed plant that is invasive in Europe, black cherry (P. serotina). We attempted to verify the reasons behind this host change in the context of the enemy-free space hypothesis by focusing on parasitoids attacking larval Y. evonymella on one of three host plant variants: The primary host, P. padus; initially P. padus and later P. serotina (P. padus/P. serotina); or the new host, P. serotina. This experiment investigated if changing the host plant could be beneficial to Y. evonymella in terms of escaping from harmful parasitoids and improving survival rate. We identified nine species of parasitoids that attack larval Y. evonymella, and we found that the number of parasitoid species showed a downward trend from the primary host plant to the P. padus/P. serotina combination to the new host plant alone. We observed a significant difference among variants in relation to the percentage of cocoons killed by specific parasitoids, but no effects of non-specific parasitoids or other factors. Total mortality did not significantly differ (ca. 37%) among larval rearing variants. Changing the host plant caused differences in the structure of the parasitoid complex of Y. evonymella but did not improve its survival rate. This study does not indicate that the host expansion of Y. evonymella is associated with the enemy-free space hypothesis; we therefore discuss alternative scenarios that may be more likely.

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