Efficacy of Different Types of Therapy for COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review

A new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has already affected millions of people in 213 countries. The possibilities of treatment have been reviewed in recent publications but there are many controversial results and conclusions. An analysis of the studies did not reveal a difference in mortality level between people treated with standard therapy, such as antiviral drugs and dexamethasone, and new antiviral drugs/additional immune therapy. However, most studies describe clinical improvement and a decrease in mortality among patients with severe and critical conditions, with the early initiation of additional immune therapy. Possible new targets based on viral life cycles were considered. Unfortunately, the data analysis on the efficacy of different medicine and therapy regimens among patients with COVID-19, showed little success in decreasing the mortality rate in all treatment methods. Some efficacy has been shown with an immunosuppressive therapy in small patient samples, but when a larger number of patients were analyzed the data did not differ significantly from the control groups.

Comparative Study Between ATOMES Novels, NOVOSECT SC21®, ATO BED BUG® and NEO-BOOST® as a Bio-organic Solution in Managing Tomato Open Field Plantation in Hrajel Area in Lebanon

The increasing use of chemical insecticides has adversely effected the environment and increased insect resistance. Biopesticides have been noticed the potential to be an excellent alternative to chemicals to reduce the negative impacts to human health and the environment. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is the second most important vegetable crop worldwide due to its nutritional importance. The effect of NOVOSECT SC21® (0.5 L/200 L), ATO BED BUGS® (1 L/200 L) and NEO-BOOST® (1 kg/200 L) against Tuta absoluta, Liriomyza trifolii and Alternaria solani was studied. A complete randomized block design (CRBD) was used with three replications, three treatments and one control in Hrajel area in Lebanon in the summer of 2020. We evaluated the level of infestation and larval mortality level of Tuta absoluta, Liriomyza trifolii and Alternaria solani infection 24, 48 and 72 hr after the application. Results showed that NOVOSECT SC21® (Mix of metabolites of the Bacillus F.D. 777) was the most efficient in decreasing the infestation and inducing larval mortality level of T. absoluta and L. trifolii and the fungal infection induced by A. solani with significant difference with time, followed respectively by ATO BED BUGS® and finally NEO-BOOST®.

Reduction in the 2020 Life Expectancy in Brazil after COVID-19

Brazil has the second-largest number of COVID-19 deaths worldwide. We use data on reported deaths to measure and compare the death toll across states from a demographic perspective. We estimate a decline in 2020 life expectancy at birth of 1.94 years, resulting in a mortality level not seen since 2013. The reduction in life expectancy at age 65 was 1.58 years, setting Brazil back to 2009 levels. The decline was larger for males, widening by 2.3% and 5.4% the female-male gap in life expectancy at birth and at age 65, respectively. Among states, Amazonas lost 59.6% of the improvements in life expectancy at birth since 2000. With 2021 COVID-19 deaths at about 43% of the total 2020 figures (as of mid-March) the demographic effect is likely to be even higher this year.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ БИОТИНИЛИРОВАННОГО ПРОИЗВОДНОГО ОКИСЛЕННОГО ДЕКСТРАНА ПРИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОМ ЭЙМЕРИОЗЕ КУР Коптев В.Ю., Афонюшкин В.Н., Давыдова Н.В., Онищенко И.С., Леонова М.А., Шкиль Н.А., Балыбина Н.Ю.

ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О ПУБЛИКАЦИИ Информационно-аналитическая система SCIENCE INDEX eLIBRARY ID: 44721476 DOI: 10.33845/0033-3239-2021-70-2-50-53 ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ БИОТИНИЛИРОВАННОГО ПРОИЗВОДНОГО ОКИСЛЕННОГО ДЕКСТРАНА ПРИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОМ ЭЙМЕРИОЗЕ КУР КОПТЕВ ВЯЧЕСЛАВ ЮРЬЕВИЧ1, АФОНЮШКИН ВАСИЛИЙ НИКОЛАЕВИЧ1, ДАВЫДОВА НАТАЛЬЯ ВИКТОРОВНА1, ОНИЩЕНКО ИРИНА СЕРГЕЕВНА1, ЛЕОНОВА МАРИНА АЛЕКСАНДРОВНА1, ШКИЛЬ НИКОЛАЙ АЛЕКСЕЕВИЧ1, БАЛЫБИНА НАТАЛЬЯ ЮРЬЕВНА1 1 Сибирский федеральный научный центр агробиотехнологий Российской академии наук (СФНЦА РАН), Новосибирская обл. Тип: статья в журнале - научная статья Язык: русский Номер: 2 Год: 2021 Страницы: 50-53 УДК: 576.852.24:575.827.2 ЖУРНАЛ: ПТИЦЕВОДСТВО Учредители: Министерство сельского хозяйства РФ ISSN: 0033-3239 КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: КУРЫ, ЭЙМЕРИОЗ, БИОТИНИЛИРОВАННЫЙ ОКИСЛЕННЫЙ ДЕКСТРАН, ПАДЕЖ, МИКРОСТРУКТУРА КИШЕЧНЫХ ВОРСИНОК АННОТАЦИЯ: Изучена эффективность биотинилированного производного окисленного декстрана (БОД) для профилактики эймериоза кур. Цыплятам опытных групп вводили БОД с суточного возраста внутримышечно в дозе 0,02 мг/кг (группа 1) или орально в дозе 0,06 мг/кг (группа 2) один раз в 72 ч (5 введений); контрольной группе 3 (зараженный контроль) препарат не применяли. Цыплята этих групп на 10-й и 15-й день подвергались заражению смесью Еimeria acervulina и E. tenella. Группу 4 (интактный контроль) заражению эймериями не подвергали и препарат ей не применяли. Установлено, что максимальный падеж птицы после первичного заражения наблюдали в зараженном контроле - 37,5%. В опытных группах при внутримышечном введении БОД падеж составил 28,5%, при оральном - 14,2%. Максимальная средняя живая масса цыплят на 21 сутки опыта наблюдалась в группе 2, получавшей БОД орально; разница с показателем зараженного контроля составила 4,24%, интактного - 1,50% в пользу группы 2, что говорит о ростостимулирующем эффекте препарата. Средняя длина кишечных ворсинок в тощей кишке в группе 2 была достоверно больше на 37,7% по сравнению с зараженным контролем (р<0,001). Полученные результаты дают основание рекомендовать препарат БОД для профилактики эймериоза кур в дозе 0,06 мг/кг живой массы с первых дней жизни, орально каждые 72 ч (5 введений). THE EFFICIENCY OF A BIOTINYLATED DERIVATIVE OF OXIDIZED DEXTRAN IN CHICKEN WITH EXPERIMENTAL EIMERIOSIS KOPTEV V.YU.1, AFONYUSHKIN V.N.1, DAVYDOVA N.V.1, ONISHCHENKO I.S.1, LEONOVA M.A.1, SHKIL N.A.1, BALYBINA N.YU.1 1 Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of Russian Academy of Sciences The effects of a biotinylated derivative of oxidized dextran (BOD) in chicken with experimental eimeriosis were studied on 4 treatments of chicks of a layer cross (10 birds per treatment, 1-21 days of age). BOD was applied intramuscularly in the dose 0.02 mg/kg of bodyweight (treatment 1) or orally in the dose 0.06 mg/kg (treatment 2) since 1 day of age every 72 hours (5 applications totally); treatments 3 (infected control) and 4 (intact control) were not treated. Treatments 1, 2, and 3 were intragastrically infected by a mixture of Eimeria acervulina and E. tenella at 10 and 15 days of age. The mortality cases were recorded and diagnosed daily, average live bodyweight was recorded weekly; at 21 days of age all survived chicks were euthanized for microbiological and histological investigation of the intestine. Maximal mortality level after the first infection (37.5%) was found in treatment 3, in treatments 1 and 2 it was 28.5 and 14.2%, respectively. The highest live bodyweight at 21 days of age (83.33 g) was found in treatment 2, higher by 4.24% in compare to treatment 3 and by 1.50% in compare to treatment 4, evidencing the growth stimulating effect of the preparation. Average height of the jejunal villi in treatment 2 was significantly higher in compare to treatment 3 by 37.7% (p<0.001), the microscopy also evidenced the prevention of structural injuries in the intestinal villi induced by eimeriosis in treatment 3. The conclusion was made that BOD is an effective preventive preparation against eimeriosis in chicken, the most effective being five-fold oral administration since the first days of age at the dose 0.06 mg/kg every 72 hours. Keywords: CHICKEN, EIMERIOSIS, BIOTINYLATED DERIVATIVE OF OXIDIZED DEXTRAN, MORTALITY, HISTOLOGY OF INTESTINAL VILLI

Bronchial asthma incidence and mortality dynamics in adult population of the North-Western federal district

SummaryAim. Study the BA incidence and mortality dynamics in adult population of the North-West Federal District (SZFО) throughout 2010–2019, as well as compare these param-eters of SZFO subjects with other regions. Маterials and methods. Official data from statistical books of the Min-istry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation have been used, in particular adults’ presentation to the medical in-stitutions of the Russian Federation, Moscow and SZFO subjects with BA throughout 2010–2019, as well as BA deaths. Microsoft Excel and SPSS programmes were used to process statistical data. Results. Among the federal districts of the Russian Federation, the North-West was #3 in 2018 with primary BA incidence. Сomparative analysis of 2010–2019 data showed that both general BA inci-dence and newly diagnosed cases of BA among the adult population of SZFO may be assessed as not very high on a global scale. The BA incidence dynamics throughout the period under study had an ascending trend. Mortality due to bronchial asthma on the whole tend to de-crease, but there is a significant variability among various regions of SZFO. BA primary incidence is much higher in Nenets Autonomous District and Arkhangelsk Region (М=191.1±12.6 and 106.4±5.7, respectively), while gener-al incidence was much higher in Arkhangelsk and Pskov Regions, higher than the average levels over Russia and the incidence levels in the majority of SZFO subjects. BA general incidence had minimal levels in the adult popu-lation of SZFO in 2010 (934.6), and maximum ones — in 2019 (1233.1). The BA general incidence in all the regions showed pronounced ascending trend, except Saint Pe-tersburg where it was stable (Тпр.ср.=0.73%). The highest BA mortality level among SZFO population was noted in 2010 — 1.6 сases per 100,000 population, the lowest — in 2016 (0.5 сases). Сomparative analysis demonstrated that BA mortality level in 2017 in the overall population of Russia was 22.2% higher than among SZFO population. Conclusion. Higher bronchial asthma incidence among adult population of SZFO regions is due to commonly recognized factors that promote the development of this condition, including ecology, pollution (environment, air) and climate and geographic features, but also are con-nected with improvement in BA diagnostics, last but not least thanks to better quality of continuous education of pulmonology specialists

The use of modern bactericidal UV irradiators in poultry houses for broilers

Increased microbial load in the air of poultry houses for broilers is a serious and urgent problem since it leads to the decreased productivity in broilers and pollution of the open air in the farms and adjacent territories. The use of modern ultraviolet (UV) irradiators for populated poultry houses with floor housing of broilers is proposed as the solution of the problem. A regime for the use of upper-room UV irradiators with amalgam ozone-free bactericidal lamps was developed. The device “Recirculator of ventilated air” (RVA) was developed for the regime of air sanitation using closed UV irradiation. Disinfection of air within the poultry houses with the use of these techniques improved live bodyweight and decreased mortality level in broilers.

Correlating Covid-19 mortality and infection levels

Covid-19 deaths and positive cases show a remarkable heterogeneity across countries which cannot be easily explained on the basis of similarities or differences in the quality of healthcare, access to healthcare, testing facilities, or preventive measures such as lockdowns. Here we show that there is a distinct correlation between the mortality level and the infection level across countries, which can explain the mortality levels for a wide spectrum of countries. This implies that the number of deaths per 100 infected individuals is approximately the same across diverse countries and can be estimated from the slope of the mortality level-infection level plot. The correlation presented here can potentially be combined with estimates of infection spread to forecast future mortality levels and therefore future needs in terms of healthcare and other resources. Tracking of an individual location’s temporal path on this plot can potentially serve as a visual assessment of the nature of the epidemic. Methods presented here are not specific to the current epidemic. This is a preliminary report and uses data from a single source at a single time-point to demonstrate the capability of such an analysis.

Health care expenditure and child mortality in Nigeria

PurposeHealth improves the proficiency and output generated by individuals. It also raises physical as well as mental abilities, which are required for the growth and advancement of any economy. Many infant diseases have been recognised via contemporary technology in a bid to tackle these diseases. However, children within the African continent (Including Nigeria) die en masse from diseases. This has made the government of Nigeria allocate sizeable part of the nation's budget to healthcare system. The allocation to health is, however, yet to translate to improved health condition for Nigerians. It does not measure up to the World Health Organization's (WHO) standards for apportioning budget to the health sector. This study also analyses empirically the impact of healthcare expenses on the mortality level of infants as well as Nigeria's neonatal mortality level.Design/methodology/approachThe paper focuses on Nigeria. Vector auto regression model techniques, unit root tests and cointegration test were carried out using time series date for the period between 1986 and 2016.FindingsThe outcome has revealed that expenditure on healthcare possesses a negative correlation with the mortality of infants and neonates. The study discovers that if the Nigerian government raises and maintains health expenditure specifically on activities focused on minimising infant mortality, it will translate to reduction in infant mortality in Nigeria.Originality/valueThis paper has contributed exhaustively to solution to poor expenditure on healthcare, especially child mortality, in Nigeria.