APICAL DOMINANCE ASSERTED OVER LATERAL BUDS BY THE GALL OF RHABDOPHAGA STROBILOIDES (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (9) ◽  
pp. 1277-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur E. Weis
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Normal Plant ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Nutrient Sink ◽  
Plant Galls

Plant galls are growth deformities developed under the influence of parasitic insects. The process of differentiation of normal plant tissue into gall tissue has been examined by many authors (Kostoff and Kendall 1929; Rohfristch 1977; see also Mani 1964) but less effort has been made to study the effects of the gallmaker on plant tissues outside the vicinity of active gall formation. Negative effects on the overall growth of the host plant can be expected because the gall acts as an energy and nutrient sink (Palct 1972; Hartnett and Abrahamson 1979), which can cause abnormal patterns of resource allocation among plant organs.

Aminocyclopyrachlor Absorption, Translocation and Metabolism in Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bradley Lindenmayer ◽  
Scott J. Nissen ◽  
Philip P. Westra ◽  
Dale L. Shaner ◽  
Galen Brunk
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Aboveground Tissue

Field bindweed is extremely susceptible to aminocyclopyrachlor compared to other weed species. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine if absorption, translocation, and metabolism of aminocyclopyrachlor in field bindweed differs from other, less susceptible species. Field bindweed plants were treated with 3.3 kBq14C-aminocyclopyrachlor by spotting a single leaf mid-way up the stem with 10 µl of herbicide solution. Plants were then harvested at set intervals over 192 h after treatment (HAT). Aminocyclopyrachlor absorption reached a maximum of 48.3% of the applied radioactivity by 48 HAT. A translocation pattern of herbicide movement from the treated leaf into other plant tissues emerged, revealing a nearly equal aminocyclopyrachlor distribution between the treated leaf, aboveground tissue, and belowground tissue of 13, 14, and 14% of the applied radioactivity by 192 HAT. Over the time-course, no soluble aminocyclopyrachlor metabolites were observed, but there was an increase in radioactivity recovered bound in the nonsoluble fraction. These results suggest that aminocyclopyrachlor has greater translocation to belowground plant tissue in field bindweed compared with results from other studies with other herbicides and other weed species, which could explain the increased level of control observed in the field. The lack of soluble metabolites also suggests that very little metabolism occurred over the 192 h time course.

scholarly journals A semi-dominant mutation in OsCESA9 improves biomass enzymatic digestibility and salt tolerance by relatively remodeling cell walls in rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafeng Ye ◽  
Shuoxun Wang ◽  
Kun Wu ◽  
Yan Ren ◽  
Hongrui Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Normal Plant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Straw Return ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background: Cellulose synthase (CESA) mutants have potential use in straw processing due to their lower cellulose content, but almost all of the mutants exhibit defective phenotypes in plant growth and development. Balancing normal plant growth with reduced cellulose content remains a challenge, as cellulose content and normal plant growth are typically negatively correlated with one another. Result: Here, the rice (Oryza sativa) semi-dominant brittle culm (sdbc) mutant Sdbc1, which harbors a substitution (D387N) at the first conserved aspartic acid residue of OsCESA9, exhibits lower cellulose content and reduced secondary wall thickness as well as enhanced biomass enzymatic saccharification compared with the wild type (WT). Further experiments indicated that the OsCESA9D387N mutation may compete with the wild-type OsCESA9 for interacting with OsCESA4 and OsCESA7, further forming non-functional or partially functional CSCs. The OsCESA9/OsCESA9D387N heterozygous plants increase salt tolerance through scavenging and detoxification of ROS and indirectly affecting related gene expression. They also improve rice straw return to the field due to their brittle culms and lower cellulose content without any negative effects in grain yield and lodging. Conclusion: Hence, manipulation of OsCESA9D387N can provide the perspective of the rice straw for biofuels and bioproducts due to its improved enzymatic saccharification.

Dual Enzyme Method for Determination of Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates

1986 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-166
Author(s):  
Khaja Khaleeluddin ◽  
Linda Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Iodometric Titration ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Enzyme Method

Abstract Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in plant tissue are underestimated by single enzyme (a-amylase or glucoamylase) extraction and overestimated by mild acid hydrolysis. A combination of glucoamylase and mycolase degraded starch completely to glucose at 60°C and pH 4.9. This dual enzyme extraction procedure was effective in determining TNC in plant tissues that do not accumulate fructosans. The reducing sugar (mainly glucose and/or fructose) extracts produced by enzymatic digestion of plant tissue were clarified with barium hydroxide and zinc sulfate solutions and analyzed by the Shaffer-Somogyi copperiodometric titration method. The dual enzyme method hydrolyzed pure starch derived from corn, wheat, and potato, and potato-soluble starch to about 100% glucose, whereas mycolase only yielded about 88% hydrolysis. Although corn starch was completely hydrolyzed in 2 h by the dual enzyme method, plant tissues required at least 24 h hydrolysis for maximum TNC values. Lead acetate precipitation of the protein in the dual enzyme extracts interfered with the copper-iodometric titration. Gelatinization of starch in plant tissue by autoclaving gave higher TNC values than heating on a hot plate for 5 min. The Schaffer-Somogyi copper iodometric titration method could be used to measure/or define the activity of certain enzymes.

SULPHUR DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY SYMPTOMS IN GREENHOUSE TOMATOES AND CUCUMBERS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. WARD
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Morphological Effect ◽  
Sulphur Deficiency ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes

Symptoms of sulphur deficiency and toxicity on greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and cucumbers (Cucumis sativis L.) were produced experimentally in sand culture and are described in detail. The principal morphological effect was a general depression of growth and fruit production. A S content of less than 0.25% in any plant tissue was associated with severe deficiency. The distribution of S in various plant tissues is shown.

scholarly journals Does Ethylene Play a Role in the Release of Lateral Buds (Tillers) from Apical Dominance in Oats?

1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia A. Harrison ◽  
Peter B. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Lateral Buds

Studies on the growth and development of Agropyron repens: interacting effects of humidity, calcium, and nitrogen on growth of the rhizome apex and lateral buds

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1427-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon I. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apical Growth ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Agropyron Repens

A previous investigation of apical dominance in the rhizome of Agropyron repens showed that keeping the rhizome in a high humidity promoted the outgrowth of the lateral buds but strongly inhibited the growth of the rhizome apex. A study of these related responses demonstrated that the inhibition of apical growth was not prevented by excision of the lateral buds and was also induced when only the apex of the rhizome received the high humidity treatment. The necrotic lesions that developed in the arrested apices and the reduction of apical inhibition produced by various Ca treatments indicated that the inhibition of apical growth was caused by Ca deficiency. When the rhizome apex was exposed to low humidity, a localized high-humidity treatment of the lateral buds did not release the buds from apical dominance in low-N rhizomes but strongly promoted bud growth at a higher N level. When growth of the buds was induced at low humidity by increasing the N supply, the increase in bud weight was preceded by an increase in the water content of the bud when expressed on a dry weight basis. These results agree with those of previous investigations and suggest that the interacting effects of N and humidity on the water status of the buds may play a significant role in the mechanism of apical dominance.

Apical dominance in the rhizome of Agropyron repens. Evidence of competition for carbohydrate as a factor in the mechanism of inhibition

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1189-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon I. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Mechanism Of Inhibition ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
High Nitrogen Level ◽  
Agropyron Repens

When plants of Agropyron repens L. Beauv. are grown at a high nitrogen level (210 p.p.m. N) apical dominance in the rhizome is sufficiently reduced to permit the continued growth of the lateral buds. If, however, the rhizome is isolated from the parent shoot the dominance of the apex is markedly increased and lateral bud growth is strongly inhibited.Experiments with these isolated, high-nitrogen rhizomes showed that apical dominance could be significantly reduced either by increasing the length of the rhizome or by retarding the growth of the rhizome apex by exposing it to light. The growth potential of the lateral buds declined rapidly as the duration of their attachment to the rhizome apex was increased. This effect was associated with the translocation of carbohydrate to the rhizome apex and could be overcome by providing the isolated buds with a 2% sucrose solution. When buds were isolated from the rhizome apex before their growth potential was exhausted a marked increase in their carbohydrate content was apparent after 48 h. This increase was associated with their resumption of growth. Buds still attached to the apex could be released from inhibition by supplying sucrose solutions to the cut end of the rhizome.The results suggest that, under the experimental conditions, apical dominance was due primarily to competition for a limited carbohydrate supply.

Consequences of gall tissues as a food resource for a tortricid moth attacking cecidomyiid galls

2006 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Sugiura ◽  
Kazuo Yamazaki ◽  
Takashi Osono
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Normal Plant ◽  
Gall Midges ◽  
Lower Carbon

AbstractSeven species of parasitoids and two species of moths emerged from bud galls induced by two species of gall midges (Asteralobiasoyogo (Kikuti) and A. sasakii (Monzen)) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on four species of trees of the genus Ilex (I. pedunculosa Miq., I. crenata Thunb., I. chinensis Sims, and I. integra Thunb.) (Aquifoliaceae). Larvae of the moth Rhopobota ustomaculana (Curtis) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) bored into bud galls induced by A. soyogo and A. sasakii on I. pedunculosa and I. crenata, respectively. Rhopobota ustomaculana larvae fed on leaves as well as gall tissues of I. pedunculosa, suggesting that R. ustomaculana is a facultative cecidophage. To clarify consequences of gall tissues as a food resource for cecidophagous moths, we compared the chemical properties of galls with those of normal plant tissues (leaves) of I. pedunculosa. Bud galls of I. pedunculosa had higher water content and lower nitrogen, carbon, and polyphenol (a chemical associated with plant insect defenses) contents than leaves. Therefore, bud galls may be a richer food resource for R. ustomaculana larvae because of the higher water content and lower carbon and polyphenol contents, although they are a poorer resource in terms of nitrogen content.

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