ECOLOGY OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) OF THE SOURIS RIVER, MANITOBA AS A BASIS FOR CONTROL STRATEGY

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Westwood ◽  
R. A. Brust
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Simulium Decorum ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Wire Cage

AbstractTen species of black flies were collected from the Souris River, Manitoba between April 1977 and October 1978. Adults of Simulium luggeri Nicholson and Mickel, Simulium meridionale Riley, Simulium venustum Say, Simulium verecundum Stone and Jamnback, and Simulium johannseni johannseni (Hart) were collected feeding on livestock and humans, and are well known pest species. Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt was the most abundant species, but was not a pest on man or domestic animals. Simulium tuberosum (Lundström) and Simulium johannseni duplex Shewell and Fredeen were the least abundant species. Simulium j. johannseni, S. j. duplex, S. venustum, S. verecundum, S. tuberosum, and Cnephia dacotensis (Dyar and Shannon) appeared to be univoltine species while S. luggeri, S. meridionale, Simulium decorum Walker, and S. vittatum were multivoltine in the Souris River.An evaluation of cone, plate, rope, and wire cage sampling devices for black fly larvae and pupae indicated that cone samplers provided a more representative sample for population assessment.In a black fly control program, of the Souris River, Manitoba two separate larvicide treatments in spring may be necessary. In the case of two treatments, the first should be aimed at late instar larvae of S. j. johannseni, S. venustum, and S. verecundum. Since the majority of S. luggeri and S. meridionale would be in the egg stage at this time, a second treatment, 10–14 days later, would be necessary to control late instar larvae of these species.

scholarly journals Contingent Valuation of a Public Program to Control Black Flies

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Reiling ◽  
Kevin J. Boyle ◽  
Hsiang-tai Cheng ◽  
Marcia L. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Public Program ◽  
A Value ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Temporal Reliability

Contingent valuation is used to measure the benefits of a proposed public program to control black flies. Respondents’ reported values are analyzed from three perspectives: data outliers, consistency between respondents’ reported values and their perceptions of black flies, and the temporal reliability of the values expressed by respondents. The results suggest that the estimated contingent values are plausible even though a majority of respondents expressed a value of zero dollars for the black fly control program.

A PILOT BLACK FLY (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) CONTROL PROGRAM USING BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS IN NEWFOUNDLAND

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (8) ◽  
pp. 1085-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Colbo ◽  
H. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
Stream System ◽  
Fly Control

AbstractA pilot black fly control program using Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on a small stream system near St. John's, Newfoundland resulted in a 70% or greater population reduction of adult black flies from the previous year. The species present in the system were Prosimulium mixtum, Stegopterna mutata, Eusimulium vernum, Simulium tuberosum, S. venustum/verecundum complex, and S. vittatum. The formulation used was Teknar® flowable concentrate (Sandoz Inc.) rated at 600 ITU/mg which proved effective against the larval stages of all black fly species at a dose of 10 ppm for 1 min. The results indicated that this agent will be effective if applied at the appropriate locations and times. The 1-min dose was practical except in very cold water (0°–7 °C) where a 5-min or longer dose may be required. The unpredictable relief pattern of the northern streams resulted in a highly variable downstream carry for the B.t.i. Therefore application sites must be determined by a stream survey and not just from discharge characteristics.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Partially Submerged Sticky Traps On Lake Spillways For Adult Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) Surveillance and Arbovirus Detection

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-310
Author(s):  
Michael C. Cavallaro ◽  
Eric Risley ◽  
Paige Lockburner
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Culex Mosquito ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Simulium Decorum ◽  
Average Standard Error

ABSTRACT Sentinel surveillance systems demonstrate an improved ability to supplement monitoring data and anticipate arbovirus outbreaks (i.e., sentinel avian species). Management complications can arise during unpredictable or unseasonal disease detections, especially in rural areas where resident distribution is patchy. Using spillways near residential lake communities as static surveillance locations, we tested a novel partially submerged sticky trapping technique and screened wild populations of adult female black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) for West Nile virus (WNV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). Trap site selection criteria considered the density of immature black fly colonization on spillway surfaces and the number of positive detections of arboviral targets in nearby Culex mosquito populations. On average (±standard error), sticky traps captured 134 (±33) adult black flies over a 24-h period, with 1 trap capturing as many as 735 individuals. Although we detected positive cases of WNV from 20 Culex mosquito trapping sites within 16 km (approx. flight radius) of the selected lake spillways, mixed pools of adult female Simulium vittatum complex and Simulium decorum were all negative for both arboviruses. This study yielded an application for partially submerged sticky traps to collect adult female black flies. Its potential uses for monitoring the infection rates of more well-documented Simulium parasites are discussed.

FIELD EVALUATION OF THE PHOTOTOXIN, ALPHA-TERTHIENYL, FOR REDUCING LARVAL POPULATIONS OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) AND ITS IMPACT ON DRIFT OF AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. Dosdall ◽  
M.M. Galloway ◽  
J.T. Arnason ◽  
P. Morand
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Invertebrate Drift ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Fly Control

AbstractThe efficacy of alpha-terthienyl (α-T) for reducing larval populations of black flies was determined in two streams in southeastern Ontario. By 24 h post-treatment, larval black fly population reductions greater than 90% resulted from exposure to calculated dosages of 0.04 and 0.10 mg-L−1 α-T emulsifiable concentrate over distances of 1.0 and 1.5 km, respectively. Significant population reductions were not observed 2.3 km downstream from injection of the 0.10 mg·L−1 dosage, probably because a marshy area upstream from this sampling site slowed the transport and enhanced photodegradation of α-T. Alpha-terthienyl initiated catastrophic drift of benthic invertebrates that was not selective for any functional feeding group. Significant increases in post-treatment drift, relative to pre-treatment densities, were observed downstream from treatment for eight of 10 taxa studied and included filter-feeders, grazers, and predators. Upstream from treatment, significant increases between sampling days were observed for only two taxa. The catastrophic and nonselective impact of α-T on invertebrate drift preclude its usefulness as an alternative to black fly larvicides used currently, although specialized applications for α-T may exist in integrated black fly control programs.

Assessing the relative culpability of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) species in recent black fly outbreaks along the middle Orange River, South Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 505-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Rivers-Moore ◽  
R.W. Palmer ◽  
H.F. Dallas
Keyword(s):  
Control Programme ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Damnosum ◽  
High Flows ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Management Issues

Black fly along the Orange River are major pests of livestock and labour-intensive agriculture, causing annual estimated industry losses in excess of US$30 million. The problem is attributed to winter high flows, with the main pest species being Simulium chutteri Lewis, 1965, although Simulium damnosum Theobald, 1903 and Simulium impukane de Meillon, 1936 may also be periodically problematic. During 2011, black fly outbreaks along the middle Orange River were perceived by farmers to have worsened and attributed to S. impukane. Here, we investigate the likelihood of this being the case, using a weight-of-evidence approach incorporating ecohydrological data. Results showed that it is unlikely that the 2011 outbreaks were caused by S. impukane, and more likely that the main outbreak cause remains S. chutteri. Sustained high flows and turbidity levels favour S. chutteri species over the other species of black fly, while flow conditions for a species such as S. impukane were favourable for 1% of the time only. However, during periods of lower flow and lower turbidity, other species of black fly may be favoured and contribute towards periodic outbreaks. We conclude that black fly control should focus on management issues around the control programme.

Absence of population structure in black flies as revealed by enzyme electrophoresis

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Feraday ◽  
K. G. Leonhardt
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Enzyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Chromosome Inversion ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Shifting Balance ◽  
Simulium Decorum

Analysis of allozyme variation by the FST-statistic in Simulium decorum and several other black fly species reveals very little genetic variation that could be attributed to genetic drift. This is consistent with what is known about the rates of migration of black flies and supports the idea that there is a lack of population subdivision in these insects. This picture of population structure is quite different from that presented by chromosome inversion polymorphisms. Chromosomal variation, however, can reasonably be attributed to selection and suggests that the role of inversions in black fly evolution is similar to population subdivision in the shifting balance process.Key words: black flies, allozymes, population structure, evolution.

Factors influencing dispersion of larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae): effects of the presence of an invertebrate predator

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1120-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan J. H. Ciborowski ◽  
Douglas A. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Tile ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Invertebrate Predator ◽  
Significant Difference

Laboratory experiments were conducted to study aggregative responses of larvae of Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt on a ceramic tile to activity of a predatory perlid stonefly, Claassenia sabulosa (Banks). Nearest-neighbor analysis indicated that larvae became aggregated regardless of whether a predator was present. There was no significant difference in either number of larvae remaining on the tile or degree of black fly aggregation between trials that lacked a predator and those in which a stonefly could travel over the tile. Direct contact between predator and prey caused single simuliid larvae to release from the substrate, but daytime black fly behaviour was otherwise unaffected by stonefly activity.

Ecological characterization of two sibling species, IIIL-1 and IS-7, in the Simulium vittatum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1308-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Adler ◽  
Ke Chung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Simulium Decorum

Larval polytene chromosomes provided the identification tool that enabled ecological characterization of two black fly sibling species, IIIL-1 and IS-7, in the Simulium vittatum complex. A 4-year study in the eastern United States demonstrated important differences between the two siblings, based primarily on differential occupancy of the stream continuum. Immatures of the IIIL-1 sibling predominated below nonspring-fed reservoirs, downstream of sewage effluent outflows, and in warm downstream areas. Immatures of the IS-7 sibling occurred, with IIIL-1, in cool well-oxygenated flows generally associated with groundwater discharge. These sibling–habitat relations produced sibling gradients along the stream continuum. Over their geographic ranges, the IIIL-1 sibling became increasingly abundant from north to south, relative to IS-7. At mixed-sibling sites, populations were asynchronous; IS-7 generally predominated in early spring and late fall. The major determinants of sibling distributions were those factors affecting respiration: temperature, oxygen, and current. Species such as the black fly Simulium decorum and the midge Chironomus riparius signalled essentially pure populations of IIIL-1. Preimaginal densities of Glossosoma spp. (Trichoptera) also indicated sibling proportions. IIIL-1 and IS-7 shared all pathogens. At mixed-sibling sites, proportionally more larvae of IIIL-1 occurred on rocks than on grasses. Regardless of sibling, larvae on rocks were darker than those on grasses, which suggested differences in the proportion of ingested materials.

ENTOMOPHTHORA CULICIS (PHYCOMYCETES: ENTOMOPHTHORALES) PARASITIZING BLACK FLY ADULTS (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN ALBERTA

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Shemanchuk ◽  
Richard A. Humber
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum

AbstractEntomophthora culicis (Braun) Fresenius was found parasitizing adults of Simulium venustum Say and Simulium vittatum Zett. in central Alberta. The first parasitized black fly adults were collected on 17 August 1973 from a moist log on the margin of Flat Creek (113°52′ W. long., 54°41′ N. lat.). In subsequent summers, parasitized black flies were found on various substrates at sites on three other creeks in the area. Parasitized black flies first appeared in late June and were present to mid-September with peak numbers occurring during August. The fungus kills young black fly adults. This is the first record of E. culicis on black flies in Canada.

Effect of Current Velocity on Ingestion Rates of Black Fly Larvae

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 1615-1619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Charpentier ◽  
Antoine Morin
Keyword(s):  
Current Velocity ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Measured Field ◽  
In Situ Feeding

In situ feeding measurements were made to quantify the effect of current velocity on ingestion rates of larvae of the major pest species of black flies in southern Quebec (Simulium venustum/verecundum, S. tuberosum, and Prosimulium mixtum/fuscum) and to compare these results with those obtained in seminatural conditions (gutter system). Ingestion rates of all three species increased with current velocity by a factor of 2.5 (P. mixtum/fuscum) to 10 (S. tuberosum) between 25 and 100 cm∙s−1. Measured field rates were significantly correlated with those predicted for similar larval sizes, temperatures, and seston concentrations in gutters, although field rates were only 56–87% of those in gutters once corrected for differences in current velocity. These results suggest that the preference of these species for current velocities of about 100 cm∙s−1 reflect their ability to feed faster at these velocities. The effectiveness of larvicides can therefore be strongly affected by current velocities, and determinations of effective doses from gutter experiments may slightly underestimate the required quantity of larvicide.

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