Factors influencing dispersion of larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae): effects of the presence of an invertebrate predator

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1120-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan J. H. Ciborowski ◽  
Douglas A. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Tile ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Invertebrate Predator ◽  
Significant Difference

Laboratory experiments were conducted to study aggregative responses of larvae of Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt on a ceramic tile to activity of a predatory perlid stonefly, Claassenia sabulosa (Banks). Nearest-neighbor analysis indicated that larvae became aggregated regardless of whether a predator was present. There was no significant difference in either number of larvae remaining on the tile or degree of black fly aggregation between trials that lacked a predator and those in which a stonefly could travel over the tile. Direct contact between predator and prey caused single simuliid larvae to release from the substrate, but daytime black fly behaviour was otherwise unaffected by stonefly activity.

ECOLOGY OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) OF THE SOURIS RIVER, MANITOBA AS A BASIS FOR CONTROL STRATEGY

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Westwood ◽  
R. A. Brust
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Simulium Decorum ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Wire Cage

AbstractTen species of black flies were collected from the Souris River, Manitoba between April 1977 and October 1978. Adults of Simulium luggeri Nicholson and Mickel, Simulium meridionale Riley, Simulium venustum Say, Simulium verecundum Stone and Jamnback, and Simulium johannseni johannseni (Hart) were collected feeding on livestock and humans, and are well known pest species. Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt was the most abundant species, but was not a pest on man or domestic animals. Simulium tuberosum (Lundström) and Simulium johannseni duplex Shewell and Fredeen were the least abundant species. Simulium j. johannseni, S. j. duplex, S. venustum, S. verecundum, S. tuberosum, and Cnephia dacotensis (Dyar and Shannon) appeared to be univoltine species while S. luggeri, S. meridionale, Simulium decorum Walker, and S. vittatum were multivoltine in the Souris River.An evaluation of cone, plate, rope, and wire cage sampling devices for black fly larvae and pupae indicated that cone samplers provided a more representative sample for population assessment.In a black fly control program, of the Souris River, Manitoba two separate larvicide treatments in spring may be necessary. In the case of two treatments, the first should be aimed at late instar larvae of S. j. johannseni, S. venustum, and S. verecundum. Since the majority of S. luggeri and S. meridionale would be in the egg stage at this time, a second treatment, 10–14 days later, would be necessary to control late instar larvae of these species.

scholarly journals Black fly (Diptera:Simuliidae) larvae body size variation along an altitude gradient in the Itatiaia National Park, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Biange Maria Cezário de Carvalho ◽  
Raquel Leite Wainfas ◽  
Tayanna Rodrigues ◽  
Lidiane Coelho Berbert ◽  
Thaiane Franklin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Bergmann’S Rule ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Bergmann's Rule ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Altitude Gradient ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Significant Difference

According to Bergmann’s Rule, individuals who inhabit higher altitudes tend to be larger in body mass or size, when compared with individuals of the same taxon who inhabit lower altitude places. Black flies are insects of great medical and veterinary importance due to its blood-sucking habit, becoming subject of studies regarding its bionomics, ecology and taxonomy. Studies approaching the influence of the altitude gradient in the morphology of Diptera: Simuliidae larvae are scarce in the literature, therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of altitude gradient in the morphology of Diptera: Simullidae larvae in Itatiaia National Park, RJ, and thus verify if Bergmann’s Rule is applicable to these organisms. Black fly larvae were sampled from four sites during periods of March and May 2013. From each site 30 larvae were measured, and these lengths were later compared between sites using Kruskal-Wallis, which showed a significant difference (P<.05) among sites from lower altitudes in relation to those of higher elevations, what was corroborated using a cluster analysis. The altitude was related to larval size using a linear regression, showing a positive correlation between these variables, thus corroborating Bergmann’s rule for Black flies.

Efficiency of filter feeding of black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1608-1623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Kurtak
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Filter Feeding ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Single Larva

Larvae of nine species of black flies were exposed to synthetic particles in the laboratory. Sizes and concentrations of particles were chosen to simulate natural conditions. Smaller particles (diameter 5–10 μm) were offered at a rate of 50–100/cephalic fan area per second, and larger ones (diameter approximately 150 μm) at 0.3–1.0/cephalic fan area per second. Experiments were conducted at water velocities of 30, 50, and 70 cm/s.In all the laboratory experiments, only a small percentage of the particles passing through an area equal to that of the cephalic fans of a single larva were ingested. Particles larger than the spacing between the fan rays were ingested more efficiently than smaller ones. At 50 cm/s, the mean percentage ingested for all species was 1.6% (0.14–8.3%) of particles 150 μm in diameter and 0.094% (0.0026–0.76%) of particles 5–10 μm in diameter. The percentage of material ingested decreased at higher concentrations and water velocities. There were significant differences among the species.Experiments were done with one of the species in the field with similar results.Based on this work, an individual black fly larva in nature probably ingests 1–10% by weight of the material passing through its cephalic fans.

Factors Influencing Dispersion of Larval Black Flies (Diptera:Simuliidae): Effects of Current Velocity and Food Concentration

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1329-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan J. H. Ciborowski ◽  
Douglas A. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Food Concentration ◽  
Locomotory Activity ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Food Concentrations ◽  
Food Conditions

Positioning and feeding of Simulium vittatum larvae were studied on a ceramic tile in a flume at three current velocities and two food concentrations. Locomotory activity and drift decreased with increasing current but were independent of food. Using nearest neighbor analysis, we detected significant aggregation at 15 cm∙s−1 that resulted from accumulation of individuals at upstream boundaries. Larvae also aggregated at 43 cm∙s−1, but independently of tile margins. Dispersion was random at 24 cm∙s−1. Gross pattern formation results from individual responses to prevailing flow conditions independently of food concentration. Relative ingestion rates decreased with increasing food concentration, larval size, velocity, and incidence of parasitism. Individual larvae avoided locations directly upstream or downstream of a nearest neighbor at 15 and 24 cm∙s−1 when food concentration was low (0.5 mg∙L−1), but not at higher food levels (3.5 mg∙L−1). These trends were reversed at high velocity. Larvae immediately downstream of neighbors had reduced ingestion rates. Larvae selected positions lateral to others under low food conditions. These animals had greater ingestion rates than did individuals in other locations. Results are consistent with hypotheses of flow disruption and/or food preemption by upstream larvae and of mutually induced beneficial flow between laterally adjacent individuals. Positioning within aggregations reflects complex behavior among conspecifics that varies with the interaction of flow and food concentration.

ENTOMOPHTHORA CULICIS (PHYCOMYCETES: ENTOMOPHTHORALES) PARASITIZING BLACK FLY ADULTS (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN ALBERTA

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Shemanchuk ◽  
Richard A. Humber
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum

AbstractEntomophthora culicis (Braun) Fresenius was found parasitizing adults of Simulium venustum Say and Simulium vittatum Zett. in central Alberta. The first parasitized black fly adults were collected on 17 August 1973 from a moist log on the margin of Flat Creek (113°52′ W. long., 54°41′ N. lat.). In subsequent summers, parasitized black flies were found on various substrates at sites on three other creeks in the area. Parasitized black flies first appeared in late June and were present to mid-September with peak numbers occurring during August. The fungus kills young black fly adults. This is the first record of E. culicis on black flies in Canada.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis of Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey Virus Infection in Deer Mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) Transmitted by Black Flies (Simulium vittatum)

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Mesquita ◽  
M. H. Diaz ◽  
E. W. Howerth ◽  
D. E. Stallknecht ◽  
R. Noblet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Peromyscus Maniculatus ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Pathway ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis

The natural transmission of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV), an arthropod-borne virus, is not completely understood. Rodents may have a role as reservoir or amplifying hosts. In this study, juvenile and nestling deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus) were exposed to VSNJV-infected black fly ( Simulium vittatum) bites followed by a second exposure to naive black flies on the nestling mice. Severe neurological signs were observed in some juvenile mice by 6 to 8 days postinoculation (DPI); viremia was not detected in 25 juvenile deer mice following exposure to VSNJV-infected fly bites. Both juvenile and nestling mice had lesions and viral antigen in the central nervous system (CNS); in juveniles, their distribution suggested that the sensory pathway was the most likely route to the CNS. In contrast, a hematogenous route was probably involved in nestling mice, since all of these mice developed viremia and had widespread antigen distribution in the CNS and other tissues on 2 DPI. VSNJV was recovered from naive flies that fed on viremic nestling mice. This is the first report of viremia in a potential natural host following infection with VSNJV via insect bite and conversely of an insect becoming infected with VSNJV by feeding on a viremic host. These results, along with histopathology and immunohistochemistry, show that nestling mice have widespread dissemination of VSNJV following VSNJV-infected black fly bite and are a potential reservoir or amplifying host for VSNJV.

scholarly journals Integration of Dental Implants in Conjunction with EDTA-Conditioned Dentin Grafts: An Experimental Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Payam Farzad ◽  
Ted Lundgren ◽  
Adel Al-Asfour ◽  
Lars Andersson ◽  
Christer Dahlin
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dentin Surface ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
C And N ◽  
Micro Implants ◽  
Demineralized Dentin

This study was undertaken to investigate the integration of titanium micro-implants installed in conjunction with previously dentin-grafted areas and to study the morphological appearance, mineral content, and healing pattern of xenogenic EDTA-conditioned dentin blocks and granules grafted to cavities in the tibial bone of rabbits. Demineralized and non-demineralized dentin blocks and granules from human premolars were implanted into cavities prepared on the lateral aspects of the tibias of rabbits. After a healing period of six months, micro-implants were installed at each surgical site. Histological examinations were carried out after 24 weeks. Characterization of the EDTA-conditioned dentin blocks was performed by means of light microscopy, dental X-rays, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). No implants were found to be integrated in direct contact with the dentin particles or blocks. On the EDTA-conditioned dentin surface, the organic marker elements C and N dominated, as revealed by EDX. The hydroxyapatite constituents Ca and P were almost absent on the dentin surface. No statistically significant difference was observed between the EDTA-conditioned and non-demineralized dentin, as revealed by BIC and BA. The bone-inductive capacity of the dentin material seemed limited, although demineralization by means of EDTA indicated higher BIC and BA values in conjunction with the installed implants in the area. A 12 h EDTA treatment did not fully decalcify the grafts, as revealed by X-ray analysis.

Smartphone-induced Behaviour: Utilisation, Benefits, Nomophobic Behaviour and Perceived Risks

2021 ◽  
pp. 097325862097951
Author(s):  
Kshitiz Sharma ◽  
T. Sarathamani ◽  
Sunil Kumar Bhougal ◽  
Hemant Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Private University ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Perceived Risks ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Financial Benefits ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females

Smartphone has become an essential part of human lives. People tend to treat it as another part of their body. Besides communication purposes, it is used for searching information, monetary transactions, shopping, social networking, entertainment, etc. This study aims at analysing the factors influencing smartphone usage and behavioural changes among college students under four constructs: utilisation, benefits, nomophobic behaviour and perceived risks (UBNR). An instrument was created with factors concerning the research and administered in a top-ranked private university of Bangalore, India. The research was carried out with a total of 122 responses. The results show that there is no significant difference in the attitude of males and females in most of the factors except social anxiety. Females experience more social anxiety and use smartphone more for maintaining their social relationships. There is no significant difference between the age group of students in all the four constructs. Utilisation is positively related with psychological, social, functional and financial benefits and shows that the greater the usage of smartphone, the greater are the benefits. On the other hand, the study reveals that increased usage of smartphone leads to addiction, causes nomophobia and poses threat of perceived risks. A mediation strategy like educating the students for proper use of technology is necessary to overcome the risk of addiction and developing nomophobia.

scholarly journals Identification of Communal Oviposition Pheromones from the Black Fly Simulium vittatum

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e0118904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy W. McGaha ◽  
Ryan M. Young ◽  
Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena ◽  
Joseph P. Iburg ◽  
Jeremy M. Beau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum

Analyses of cDNA and recombinant protein for a potent vasoactive protein in saliva of a blood-feeding black fly, Simulium vittatum.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (10) ◽  
pp. 1553-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
M S Cupp ◽  
J M Ribeiro ◽  
D E Champagne ◽  
E W Cupp
Keyword(s):  
Expression System ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Rabbit Aorta ◽  
Baculovirus Expression System ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Biological Potency

A cDNA was cloned from the salivary glands of a blood-feeding black fly Simulium vittatum. The encoded protein has been given the name Simulium vittatum erythema protein or SVEP, because of its ability to increase blood perfusion in skin capillaries, resulting in the well-characterized erythema of black fly bites. The full-length cDNA contains 548 base pairs which encode 152 amino acid residues of the nascent protein. Post-translational processing produces a mature, secreted protein of 133 residues with a molecular mass of 15.4 kDa. Recombinant SVEP (rSVEP) was produced in a baculovirus expression system and purified by a one-step reversed-phase HPLC procedure. Analyses of physical properties and biological potency demonstrated fidelity of rSVEP to the native protein. Recombinant SVEP relaxed rabbit aorta preparations when preconstricted with 2 micromol l-1 phenylephrine or 25 mmol l-1 K+ but not with 60 mmol l-1 K+. Further, the rSVEP-induced relaxation response of phenylephrine-constricted aorta was inhibited by glibenclamide (10 micromol l-1), suggesting that at least part of its action to relax smooth muscle may result from the opening of ATP-dependent K+ channels. SVEP is a novel salivary-gland-derived vasoactive protein that may be essential for blood feeding by black flies and could potentially enhance transmission of filarial parasites.

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