THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURES ON THE SEASONAL PHENOLOGY OF THE CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Riedl ◽  
B. A. Croft
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Pheromone Trap ◽  
Geographic Population ◽  
The North ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Effective Temperatures ◽  
Seasonal Heat

AbstractThe photoperiodic reaction in North American codling moth populations displayed clinal-type variation similar to populations in Europe. A latitudinal shift of 10° to the north corresponded to an increase of 1.25 h in the critical photoperiod. Intrapopulation variance in diapause response appeared to be similar in populations of different origin. The critical photoperiod was not constant for a geographic population but varied between years probably due to the modifying effect of prediapause temperatures. In Michigan and other areas in the northeastern United States with similar climate the codling moth is essentially bivoltine with considerable yearly variability in second generation emergence. A graphic model is presented which gives an estimate of voltinism and the proportion of diapausing first-generation larvae based on the seasonal heat unit total at the time of diapause initiation. From an analysis of original data and historical phenological records an algorithm was developed which describes the relationship between effective temperatures and the variance of second generation emergence and which can predict population curves for climatically different years. Use of this predictive method in conjunction with monitoring information provided by a pheromone trap is discussed.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Codling Moth (Cydia Pomonella L.) in Apple Orchards Using Two Methods

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Kot
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Sum Of Effective Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effective Temperatures

Monitoring of Codling Moth (Cydia Pomonella L.) in Apple Orchards Using Two MethodsThe present studies were conducted in 1999-2001 in three apple orchards differing from each other by the system of cultivation, the type of agricultural treatments and chemical control of pests. Their purpose was to monitor codling moth (Cydia pomonellaL.) in different types of apple orchards using pheromone traps, finding out the relation between the occurrence of moths and the sum of effective temperatures as well as determining the number of wintering caterpillars of this species with the use of bands of corrugated paper. The analysis of male flight of codling moth on the basis of pheromone traps makes it possible to state the occurrence of two generations in each studied year. The maximum population of the first generation was observed in the second or third ten days of June, while that of the second generation in the first ten days of August. The moths flight began when the sum of effective temperatures was 109.2-145.2°C, and the mean diurnal temperature was 12.3-17.2°C.

Apple, Preliminary Insecticide Testing, 1995

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-43
Author(s):  
H. Reissig ◽  
D. Dunham ◽  
C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Plum Curculio ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Predaceous Mites ◽  
Standard Compound

Abstract Dilute sprays were applied with a hand sprayer (450 psi) at pink (9 May), petal fall (26 May), and as cover sprays on 14 Jun, 29 Jun, 10 Jul, 26 Jul, 7 Aug, and 20 Aug. Treatments of the standard compound, Guthion, were applied at pink, and petal fall through sixth cover. Comply and CGA-59205 were applied at pink and first cover and Guthion 3F was applied alone in the other sprays (petal fall and second through sixth cover). Several schedules of V71639 were compared; (1) A complete seasonal schedule applied at pink, petal fall, and in the first through sixth cover sprays. (2) A pink and first cover spray. (3) A petal fall and second cover spray. Guthion 3F was applied alone to fill in the other normal spray intervals in the reduced programs (2 & 3) of V71639. Treatments were replicated 3 times on a single tree plot of ‘McIntosh’ apples and arranged in a RCB design. Damage from early-season plum curculio and the first generation of codling moth were estimated by sampling 100 apples on the tree in each replication on 5 Jul. At harvest (6-12 Sep) 100 apples from each replication were evaluated for insect damage. ERM and predaceous mites were sampled on 25 randomly selected leaves/replication on 4 Aug. On 6 Jul (7 days post-treatment) aphids were counted on the second or third distal leaf on each of 10 actively growing terminals in each replication. WALH were counted on 25 spur leaves on 29 Aug. First generation STLM tissue mines were counted on 25 fruit clusters from the ‘McIntosh’ trees in each replication on 21 June. Second generation STLM tissue mines were counted on the six distal leaves on 10 randomly selected “hardened off” terminals/replication on 29 Aug.

DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF LYGUS SPP. (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON ALFALFA AND CANOLA IN MANITOBAf

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.H. Timlick ◽  
W.J. Turnock ◽  
I. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Agricultural Area ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Physiographic Regions

AbstractLygus species were sampled from alfalfa and canola fields in Manitoba from 1988 to 1990. Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), L. borealis (Knight), and L. elisus (Van Duzee) were found consistently throughout the agricultural area. The relative abundance of these species varied among crops, physiographic regions, years, and date of collection. The most abundant species in alfalfa and canola fields tended to be L. borealis in the north and west, L. elisus in the south, and L. lineolaris in the east. Each of the species was the most abundant in some collections, however L. borealis tended to be more abundant in alfalfa and L. lineolaris and L. elisus in canola. First-generation nymphs of Lygus species were found on alfalfa and those of the second generation on canola.

FORECASTING CODLING MOTH PHENOLOGY BASED ON PHEROMONE TRAP CATCHES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL-TIME MODELS

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Riedl ◽  
B. A. Croft ◽  
A. J. Howitt
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Pheromone Trap ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Trapping Efficiency ◽  
Trap Catch ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship of pheromone trap catch to emergence and oviposition of the codling moth was defined for the two-generation climate of Michigan. Catch anticipated emergence and oviposition during spring flight when the trap displayed greatest efficiency, but lagged behind emergence and closely followed oviposition during the second generation. Trapping efficiency declined towards the end of the first generation and was generally lower during summer flight. Factors which possibly relate to this efficiency loss are discussed. First catch and the catch peaks in both generations were evaluated as reference points for the prediction of phenological events (particularly egg hatch) in both generations Of four forecasting methods, degree day and developmental unit summations, starting from first catch, for the preoviposition and incubation period were most reliable in predicting the beginning of spring brood egg hatch.

Do remittances differ depending on migration pathway and length of stay?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Anita Pugliese ◽  
Julie Ray ◽  
Neli Esipova
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Migration Pathway ◽  
First Generation Migrants ◽  
Second Generation Migrants

This paper reports the results from Gallup’s global analysis of the likelihood of first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and the native-born to send financial help in the form of money or goods to others inside or outside their respective country of residence. The findings in this paper are based on more than 450,000 interviews conducted through Gallup’s World Poll in 157 countries in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The sample includes more than 26,000 first-generation migrants and more than 20,000 second-generation migrants. The large sample enables Gallup to analyze first-generation migrants by the duration of their stay in their adopted country and compare their remittance behaviors with second-generation migrants and the native-born.

Marcuse and Habermas's Political Ideas in English

2019 ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Asaad Abdullwahab AbdulKarim ◽  
Waleed Massaher Hamad ◽  
Salah Ibrahim Hamadi
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Frankfurt School ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Important Impact

Abstract     The Frankfurt School is characterized by its critical nature and it is the result of the Marxist socialist thought as it contributed to the development of the German thought in particular and the Western thought in general through important ideas put forward by a number of pioneers in the various generations of the school and most notably through the leading pioneer in the first generation, Marcuse, and the leading pioneer of the second  generation, Habermas, whose political ideas had an important impact on global thinking and later became the basis of the attic of many critical ideas. In spite of the belief of the school members in the idea of the criticism of power and community, each had his own ideas that distinguish him from the others.

Pharmakotherapie update

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Gerd Laux
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Therapeutische Maßnahmen ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotics

Für die Therapie schizophrener Erkrankungen sind seit fast 60 Jahren Antipsychotika/Neuroleptika aufgrund ihrer antipsychotischen Wirkung von zentraler Bedeutung. Die Einteilung kann unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten erfolgen (chemische Struktur, neuroleptische Potenz, Rezeptorprofil), heute werden üblicherweise unterschieden typische (traditionelle, klassische, konventionelle) Antipsychotika der ersten Generation ‒ »First Generation Antipsychotics« (FGA) ‒ und sog. atypische (»neuere«) Neuroleptika bzw. Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation ‒»Second Generation Antipsychotics« (SGA). Hierzu zählen Aripiprazol, Asenapin, Cariprazin, Clozapin, Olanzapin, Quetiapin, Risperidon, Sertindol und Ziprasidon. Hierbei handelt es sich um keine homogene Gruppe – sowohl neuropharmakologisch (Wirkmechanismus), als auch hinsichtlich klinischem Wirkprofil und dem Nebenwirkungsspektrum bestehen z. T. erhebliche Unterschiede. Neben der Akut-Medikation ist eine Langzeitmedikation bzw. Rezidivprophylaxe mit Antipsychotika für die Rehabilitation vieler schizophrener Patienten im Sinne eines »Stresspuffers« von grundlegender Bedeutung. In Placebo-kontrollierten Studien trat bei Patienten, die über ein Jahr behandelt wurden, bei etwa 30% unter Neuroleptika ein Rezidiv auf, unter Placebo bei mehr als 70%. Für die Langzeitbehandlung bietet sich der Einsatz von Depot-Neuroleptika an, neu entwickelt wurden Langzeit-Depot-Injektionen mit Intervallen von bis zu 3 Monaten. Grundsätzlich ist die niedrigstmögliche (wirksame) Dosis zu verwenden. Im Zentrum der Nebenwirkungen (UAW) standen lange Zeit extrapyramidal-motorische Bewegungsstörungen (EPMS), mit der Einführung von Clozapin und anderen atypischen Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation gewannen andere Nebenwirkungen an Bedeutung. Hierzu zählen Gewichtszunahme, Störungen metabolischer Parameter und ein erhöhtes Risiko für Mortalität und zerebrovaskuläre Ereignisse bei älteren Patienten mit Demenz. Entsprechende Kontrolluntersuchungen sind erforderlich, für Clozapin gibt es aufgrund seines Agranulozytose-Risikos Sonderbestimmungen. Immer sollte ein Gesamtbehandlungsplan orientiert an der neuen S3-Praxisleitlinie Schizophrenie der DGPPN aufgestellt werden, der psychologische und milieu-/sozial-therapeutische Maßnahmen einschließt. Standard ist heute auch eine sog. Psychoedukation, für Psychopharmaka liegen bewährte Patienten-Ratgeber vor.

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