LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE CONTACT TOXICITY AND ACTIVITY IN SOIL OF FOUR PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Harris ◽  
S. A. Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Negative Temperature ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Effective Contact ◽  
Euxoa Messoria ◽  
Soil Insecticides ◽  
Northern Corn Rootworm

AbstractThe spectrum of contact toxicity and activity in soil of four pyrethroid insecticides was assessed in the laboratory. Pyrethroids tested were: FMC 33297 (3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-3-(2, 2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate); Shell WL 41706 (alpha-cyano-3 phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate); Shell WL 43467 (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-3,3-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate); and Shell WL 43775 (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-1-butyrate). Chlorpyrifos and carbofuran, two broad spectrum contact and soil insecticides were included for comparative purposes. Spectrum of contact toxicity was determined using 24–48 h nymphs of the common field cricket, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), 24–48 h onion maggot adults, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), 3rd instar dark sided cutworms, Euxoa messoria (Harris), northern corn rootworm adults, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), and honeybees, Apis mellifera L. Crickets were used to assess insecticidal activity in soil relative to soil moisture, type, and temperature. The pyrethroids were effective contact insecticides comparable in toxicity and spectrum of activity to chlorpyrifos and carbofuran. They were particularly toxic to the darksided cutworm. They were less effective in mineral soil than chlorpyrifos. WL 43467 showed activity in mineral soil close to that of carbofuran, while the other pyrethroids were less active. Activity in soil was influenced by soil moisture and type. In contrast to the standard insecticides the pyrethroids generally showed a negative temperature coefficient of toxicity in soil.

LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE PERSISTENCE AND BEHAVIOUR IN SOIL OF FOUR PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (8) ◽  
pp. 685-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Harris ◽  
R. A. Chapman ◽  
Carol Harris
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Negative Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Negative Temperature ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Muck Soil ◽  
Soil Insecticides ◽  
Test Insect

AbstractIn direct contact toxicity tests with four pyrethroid and three standard insecticides, using 24–48 h old crickets, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), as test insects, carbofuran was most toxic > cypermethrin > fensulfothion > chlorpyrifos > fenvalerate > fenpropanate > permethrin. In moist (5% water) Plainfield sand, using the same test insect, chlorpyrifos was most toxic > carbofuran > fenpropanate > cypermethrin > permethrin > fenvalerate > fensulfothion, i.e. the pyrethroids, although quite strongly adsorbed by soil, were still moderately active as soil insecticides. All pyrethroids were less toxic in muck soil as compared with Plainfield sand, and in air-dry (0.5% water) as compared with moist (5% water) Plainfield sand, with the effects being less on cypermethrin and fenvalerate and greater on permethrin and fenpropanate. None of the pyrethroids was affected by soil type and moisture to the same extent as was carbofuran. Permethrin, fenvalerate, and cypermethrin showed a negative temperature coefficient of toxicity in moist Plainfield sand, being from 1.4 to 1.9× more toxic at 15° than at 32°C. Fenpropanate, like carbofuran, was slightly more toxic at 32° than at 15°C. Generally, soil type, moisture, and temperature had minimal effects on the toxicity of the four pyrethroid insecticides. In persistence studies over 48 weeks, using Plainfield sand, the pyrethroids were more persistent than chlorpyrifos, but less persistent than dieldrin. Under these laboratory conditions, permethrin and fenvalerate were slightly more persistent, while fenpropanate and cypermethrin were as persistent as carbofuran. Trans-isomers of permethrin and cypermethrin declined more quickly in the sand than did the cis-isomers and of the trans-isomers the 1S,trans declined much faster than the 1R,trans while little difference was observed for the corresponding 1S- and 1R,cis-isomers.

LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL OF 16 EXPERIMENTAL COMPOUNDS AS SOIL INSECTICIDES

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 1109-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Harris ◽  
S. A. Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Laboratory Assessment ◽  
Moist Sand ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Euxoa Messoria ◽  
Soil Insecticides ◽  
Northern Corn Rootworm

AbstractThe effectiveness of 16 experimental compounds as soil insecticides was assessed under laboratory conditions. Chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and dieldrin were included as standard insecticides. Spectrum of activity as contact insecticides was determined using 24–48 h nymphs of the field cricket, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), 24–48 h onion maggot adults, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), third stage darksided cutworms, Euxoa messoria (Harris), northern corn rootworm adults, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), and honeybees, Apis mellifera L. First stage crickets were used to assess the biological activity of experimental compounds relative to soil type, moisture, and temperature and also their volatility in moist sand and persistence of biological activity over a 48 week period. All of the insecticides showed broad spectrum contact activity. Twelve showed fair to very good potential in soil. Four insecticides, Shell WL 24794 (O,O-dimethyl-S-1-[3-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolyl)] ethyl phosphorodithioate), Shell WL 25735 (O-[2-chloro-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl] O-methyl methylphosphonothioate), Shell WL 26738 (O-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl] O-methyl ethylphosphonothioate), and chlorpyrifos-methyl showed good potential. Two others, Counter® (S-[(tert-butylthio) methyl] O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) and Shell WL 24073 (O-[2-chloro-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl] O-methyl ethylphosphonothioate) were considered to have very good potential as soil insecticides.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF CHLORPYRIFOS, CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL, PHORATE, AND COUNTER® IN SOIL

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 1115-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Initial Activity ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticides ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Euxoa Messoria ◽  
Soil Insecticides ◽  
Northern Corn Rootworm

AbstractThe potential of chlorpyrifos-methyl and Counter® (S-[tert-butylthio) methyl] O, O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) as soil insecticides was assessed in the laboratory. Two established soil insecticides, chlorpyrifos and phorate, which are similar in chemical structure to chlorpyrifos-methyl and Counter respectively were included for comparative purposes. Spectrum of activity was determined using 24–48 h crickets, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), 24–48 h adults, Chaetopsis spp., third stage darksided cutworms, Euxoa messoria (Harris), northern corn rootworm adults, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), and honeybees, Apis mellifera L. Chlorpyrifos-methyl and chlorpyrifos showed the broadest spectrum of activity being toxic to all five species of insects; Counter and phorate were toxic to four of the five. Initial activity in soil was assessed relative to soil type, moisture, and temperature using crickets as the indicator species. Chlorpyrifos-methyl was as effective and more consistent in activity than chlorpyrifos. Counter was more effective and consistent in soil than phorate other than under conditions of low soil moisture. No clear relationship between chemical structure and either direct contact or initial toxicity in soil was apparent. Tests on persistence of biological activity in mineral soil indicated that, as is generally the case with dimethyl and diethyl forms of organophosphorus insecticides, chlorpyrifos-methyl was even less persistent than chlorpyrifos. Counter was slightly more persistent than phorate. Although very active the potential of chlorpyrifos-methyl as a soil insecticide would be restricted by its limited persistence. Counter was considered to have good potential.

RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF SIX PYRETHROID AND TWO ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS INSECTICIDES ON SOIL SURFACE AGAINST DARKSIDED CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON TOBACCO IN ONTARIO

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Euxoa Messoria ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Organophosphorous Insecticides ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractSix pyrethroids, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate and permethrin, and two organophosphorous insecticides, acephate and chlorpyrifos, were applied to the soil surface in the greenhouse and field to evaluate their effectiveness and residual toxicity against the darksided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), in Ontario.Four years of tests indicated that the pyrethroid insecticides were consistently similar in effectiveness and residual toxicity at the rates applied. On air-dry soil surfaces in the greenhouse, the pyrethroids were significantly more toxic and persistent than was chlorpyrifos. On moderately moist soil surfaces in the field, chlorpyrifos was as toxic to the cutworm larvae as were the pyrethroid insecticides, but less persistent. None of the pyrethroids was affected by soil moisture to the same extent as was chlorpyrifos. Acephate-treated soil surfaces, regardless of indoor or outdoor conditions, were less toxic and the toxicity less persistent than with chlorpyrifos-treated soil. Although not statistically different, the high rates of pyrethroids were consistently more toxic and persistent to the cutworm larvae than the low rates of the same materials. All the pyrethroid insecticides have excellent potential as soil treatments for controlling cutworms on tobacco.

Silvicultural treatments, microclimatic conditions and seedling response in Southern Interior clearcuts

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Fleming ◽  
T. A. Black ◽  
R. S. Adams ◽  
R. J. Stathers
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Lower Elevation ◽  
Organic Horizons ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Microclimatic Conditions

Post-harvest levels of soil disturbance and vegetation regrowth strongly influence microclimate conditions, and this has important implications for seedling establishment. We examined the effects of blading (scalping), soil loosening (ripping) and vegetation control (herbicide), as well as no soil disturbance, on growing season microclimates and 3-yr seedling response on two grass-dominated clearcuts at different elevations in the Southern Interior of British Columbia. Warmer soil temperatures were obtained by removing surface organic horizons. Ripping produced somewhat higher soil temperatures than scalping at the drier, lower-elevation site, but slightly reduced soil temperatures at the wetter, higher-elevation site. Near-surface air temperatures were more extreme (higher daily maximums and lower daily minimums) over the control than over exposed mineral soil. Root zone soil moisture deficits largely reflected transpiration by competing vegetation; vegetation removal was effective in improving soil moisture availability at the lower elevation site, but unnecessary from this perspective at the higher elevation site. The exposed mineral surfaces self-mulched and conserved soil moisture after an initial period of high evaporation. Ripping and scalping resulted in somewhat lower near-surface available soil water storage capacities. Seedling establishment on both clearcuts was better following treatments which removed vegetation and surface organic horizons and thus enhanced microclimatic conditions, despite reducing nutrient supply. Such treatments may, however, compromise subsequent stand development through negative impacts on site nutrition. Temporal changes in the relative importance of different physical (microclimate) and chemical (soil nutrition) properties to soil processes and plant growth need to be considered when evaluating site productivity. Key words: Microclimate, soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, clearcut, seedling establishment

scholarly journals Predicting rut depth induced by an 8-wheeled forwarder in fine-grained boreal forest soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jori Uusitalo ◽  
Jari Ala-Ilomäki ◽  
Harri Lindeman ◽  
Jenny Toivio ◽  
Matti Siren
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Forest Operations ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Cumulative Mass

Abstract Key message Rut depth in fine-grained boreal soils induced by an 8-wheeled forwarder is best predicted with soil moisture content, cumulative mass of machine passes, bulk density and thickness of the humus layer. Context Forest machines are today very heavy and will cause serious damage to soil and prevent future growth if forest operations are carried out at the wrong time of the year. Forest operations performed during the wettest season should therefore be directed at coarse-grained soils that are not as prone to soil damage. Aims The study aimed at investigating the significance of the most important soil characteristics on rutting and developing models that can be utilized in predicting rutting prior to forest operations. Methods A set of wheeling tests on two fine-grained mineral soil stands in Southern Finland were performed. The wheeling experiments were conducted in three different periods of autumn in order to get the largest possible variation in moisture content. The test drives were carried out with an 8-wheeled forwarder. Results Soil moisture content is the most important factor affecting rut depth. Rut depth of an 8-wheeled forwarder in fine-grained boreal soil is best predicted with soil moisture content, cumulative mass of machine passes, bulk density and thickness of the humus layer. Conclusion The results emphasize the importance of moisture content on the risk of rutting in fine-grained mineral soils, especially with high moisture content values when soil saturation reaches 80%. The results indicate that it is of high importance that soil type and soil wetness can be predicted prior to forest operations.

Germination, survival, and early growth of red alder seedlings in the central Coast Range of Oregon

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1639-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybille Haeussler ◽  
John C. Tappeiner II ◽  
Brian J. Greber
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Coast Range ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
Red Alder

Effects of forest disturbance and soil moisture levels on establishment of red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) seedlings were studied at four sites representing a climatic moisture gradient within the central Coast Range of Oregon. On average, there was no difference in seedling emergence between recent clearcuts and second-growth forests, but emergence was much higher on mineral soil than on organic seedbeds. Emergence, on both types of seedbed, was positively correlated with spring soil moisture conditions (R2 = 0.60). Seedling survival, on the other hand, differed greatly between clearcut and forest. In clearcuts, heat and drought injuries were the primary causes of seedling mortality. In the forest, seedlings had poor vigour and quickly succumbed to pathogens, herbivores, and rain splash. First-year survival rates were strongly correlated with minimum summer soil moisture levels (R2 = 0.71). Height growth of seedlings on clearcuts (2–5 cm after 1 year; 8–23 cm after 2 years) was much slower than rates typically described for red alder. Best establishment occurred on skid trails and landings, suggesting that young seedlings may suffer less from heat or moisture stress on these heavily disturbed microenvironments.

Development of calibration algorithms for selected water content reflectometry probes for burned and non-burned organic soils of Alaska

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Bourgeau-Chavez ◽  
Gordon C. Garwood ◽  
Kevin Riordan ◽  
Benjamin W. Koziol ◽  
James Slawski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Probe Type

Water content reflectometry is a method used by many commercial manufacturers of affordable sensors to electronically estimate soil moisture content. Field‐deployable and handheld water content reflectometry probes were used in a variety of organic soil‐profile types in Alaska. These probes were calibrated using 65 organic soil samples harvested from these burned and unburned, primarily moss‐dominated sites in the boreal forest. Probe output was compared with gravimetrically measured volumetric moisture content, to produce calibration algorithms for surface‐down‐inserted handheld probes in specific soil‐profile types, as well as field‐deployable horizontally inserted probes in specific organic soil horizons. General organic algorithms for each probe type were also developed. Calibrations are statistically compared to determine their suitability. The resulting calibrations showed good agreement with in situ validation and varied from the default mineral‐soil‐based calibrations by 20% or more. These results are of particular interest to researchers measuring soil moisture content with water content reflectometry probes in soils with high organic content.

CONTACT TOXICITY OF SOME PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES, ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE, TO INSECTICIDE-SUSCEPTIBLE AND PYRETHROID-RESISTANT STRAINS OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. 1173-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.R. Harris ◽  
S.A. Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Colorado Potato Beetle ◽  
Leptinotarsa Decemlineata ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Carbamate Insecticides ◽  
Potato Beetle ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
A Minor

AbstractLaboratory tests showed that a Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), strain collected from potatoes on a farm near Sherbrooke, Quebec, and known in 1979 to be resistant to most recommended organochlorine, organophosphorus, and carbamate insecticides, also had developed 23- to 38-fold levels of resistance to the pyrethroid insecticides permethrin, fenvalerate, and cypermethrin by 1982. Piperonyl butoxide (PB) had only a minor effect on fenvalerate and deltamethrin toxicity to insecticide-susceptible CPB and on deltamethrin toxicity to pyrethroid-resistant CPB. However, PB effectively synergized fenvalerate in pyrethroid-resistant CPB, e.g. a 1:8 fenvalerate:PB mixture was 12-fold more toxic than fenvalerate alone.

scholarly journals Dynamic modelling of weathering rates – Is there any benefit over steady-state modelling?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Kronnäs ◽  
Cecilia Akselsson ◽  
Salim Belyazid
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Weathering Rates ◽  
Extra Information ◽  
Recovery Capacity ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract. Weathering rates are of considerable importance in estimating the acidification sensitivity and recovery capacity of soil, and are thus important in the assessment of the sustainability of forestry in a time of changing climate and growing demands for forestry products. In this study, we modelled rates of weathering in mineral soil at two forested sites in southern Sweden included in the SWETHRO monitoring network using two models. The aims were to determine whether the dynamic model ForSAFE gives comparable weathering rates as the steady-state model PROFILE, and whether the ForSAFE model provided useful extra information on weathering behaviour. The average weathering rates calculated with ForSAFE were very similar to those calculated with PROFILE for the two modelled sites. The differences between the models regarding the weathering of certain soil layers seemed to be due mainly to differences in calculated soil moisture. The weathering rates provided by ForSAFE vary seasonally with temperature and soil moisture, as well as on longer time scales, depending on environmental changes. Long-term variations due to environmental changes can be seen in the ForSAFE results, for example: the weathering of silicate minerals is suppressed under acidified conditions due to elevated aluminium concentration in the soil, whereas the weathering of apatite is accelerated by acidification. The weathering of both silicates and apatite is predicted to be enhanced by increasing temperature during the 21st century. In this part of southern Sweden, precipitation is assumed to be similar to today’s level during the next forest rotation. However, in parts of Sweden with projected decreasing soil moisture, weathering might not increase despite increasing temperature. These results show that the dynamic ForSAFE model can be used for weathering rate calculations and that it gives average results comparable to those from the PROFILE model. However, dynamic modelling provides extra information on the variation in weathering rates with time, and offers much better possibilities for scenario modelling.

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