A METHOD FOR REARING VARIOUS SPECIES OF SOCIAL WASPS OF THE GENUS POLISTES (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1013-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Gibo
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Social Wasps ◽  
Colony Founding ◽  
Rearing Method ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Caste Differences

Wasps of the genus Polistes have a number of characteristics that make them particularly suitable for studies on insect social behaviour. The females construct nests with exposed combs, have a reasonably complex social behaviour, and usually lack obvious morphological caste differences. In addition, the adults of many species establish colonies as groups of siblings (foundress associations), a method which is intermediate between colony founding by swarming, and colony founding by individual queens (Wilson 1971). Because of these characteristics, Polistes have been of interest to biologists who are concerned with the evolution of social behaviour in insects (e.g. Alexander 1974, Gibo 1974, Lin and Michener 1972, West 1967, West Eberhard 1969, 1975). Consequently, there is a need for a simple technique for rearing various species of Polistes under controlled conditions. Gibo (1974) briefly described modifications of Gillaspy's (1971) rearing method for P. apachus which made mass rearing of P. fascatus possible. This note describes the modified method in greater detail, and includes improvements that have resulted in increased yield and greater synchrony of colony growth. The improvements have been developed over 3 years and the method has been used to rear more than 100 colonies of various species of Polistes, including P. fuscatus, P. apachus, and P. dorsalis.

A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR MASS-REARING THE ONION MAGGOT (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) ON AN ARTIFICIAL DIET

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 1554-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Allen ◽  
W. L. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Cellulose Powder ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Wheat Embryo ◽  
Onion Maggot ◽  
Hylemya Antiqua ◽  
Yeast Hydrolysate

AbstractA gelatine-based diet for rearing the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), that contains sucrose, evaporated milk, yeast hydrolysate, wheat embryo, cellulose powder, n-propyl disulfide, water, and antibiotics is described. Three consecutive generations reared on this medium were equal in puparial weights, percentages of pupation, adult emergence, and egg hatch, to those reared on onion bulbs. The procedure is simple and two man-hours per week is sufficient for producing 1000 maggots daily.

Saccharomyces als Objekt für populations-genetische Versuche

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 457-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gutz ◽  
C. C. Emeis
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Sexual Propagation ◽  
Suitable Object

Microorganisms are suitable objects for experimental studies in population genetics. It is easy to cultivate large populations under exactly controlled conditions. But microorganisms reproduce usually vegetatively so that one factor is lacking which is of great importance in populations of higher organisms: The sexual propagation which implies a permanent rearrangement of the genes present.Saccharomyces is an unicellular ascomycet. The cells are diploid and propagate vegetatively by budding. Under certain conditions Saccharomyces is able to reproduce sexually by formation of ascospores. We have developed a simple technique which allows to enforce exclusively a sexual propagation in a yeast. Thus Saccharomyces is a suitable object for experiments in population genetics, in which the rearrangement of genes by sexuality has to be considered. The existence of a diploid phase makes it possible to work on problems resembling those in populations of higher organisms.In the present work methods are described for experimental work with yeast populations, and possibilities are which Saccharomyces offers for experiments in population genetics are discussed.

scholarly journals AN IMPROVED MASS-REARING METHOD OF THE CARROT RUST FLY, PSILA ROSAE (DIPTERA: PSILIDAE)

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 1033-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Städler
Keyword(s):  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Psila Rosae ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Rearing Method ◽  
Yeast Hydrolysate

AbstractProtein fed to adults of the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae F., enhanced oviposition: the addition of yeast hydrolysate to the sugar diet resulted in a 50% increase in oviposition, giving an average of 75 eggs per female.A description is given of a simple oviposition device, which allows normal oviposition (compared with sand).Carrots planted in sand gave best rearing results when inoculated with eggs 14 days after insertion. Germinating carrot seeds placed on top of the sand improved the rate of development of the eggs to pupae from 40% to 62%.

A simple mass rearing method for dipha aphidivora, the pyralid predator of sugarcane woolly aphid ceratovacuna lanigera

Sugar Tech ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 160-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Mukunthan ◽  
R. Nirmala ◽  
G. Santhalakshmi ◽  
J. Srikanth ◽  
B. Singaravelu
Keyword(s):  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Rearing Method ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Simple Mass ◽  
Ceratovacuna Lanigera

scholarly journals Distributed cognition and social brains: reductions in mushroom body investment accompanied the origins of sociality in wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1810) ◽  
pp. 20150791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean O'Donnell ◽  
Susan J. Bulova ◽  
Sara DeLeon ◽  
Paulina Khodak ◽  
Skye Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Colony Size ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Distributed Cognition ◽  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Caste Differentiation ◽  
Colony Founding ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Social Species

The social brain hypothesis assumes the evolution of social behaviour changes animals' ecological environments, and predicts evolutionary shifts in social structure will be associated with changes in brain investment. Most social brain models to date assume social behaviour imposes additional cognitive challenges to animals, favouring the evolution of increased brain investment. Here, we present a modification of social brain models, which we term the distributed cognition hypothesis. Distributed cognition models assume group members can rely on social communication instead of individual cognition; these models predict reduced brain investment in social species. To test this hypothesis, we compared brain investment among 29 species of wasps (Vespidae family), including solitary species and social species with a wide range of social attributes (i.e. differences in colony size, mode of colony founding and degree of queen/worker caste differentiation). We compared species means of relative size of mushroom body (MB) calyces and the antennal to optic lobe ratio, as measures of brain investment in central processing and peripheral sensory processing, respectively. In support of distributed cognition predictions, and in contrast to patterns seen among vertebrates, MB investment decreased from solitary to social species. Among social species, differences in colony founding, colony size and caste differentiation were not associated with brain investment differences. Peripheral lobe investment did not covary with social structure. These patterns suggest the strongest changes in brain investment—a reduction in central processing brain regions—accompanied the evolutionary origins of eusociality in Vespidae.

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