LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS PRODUCED BY THREE LASERS ON TWO TROGODERMA SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE): I. GENERAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Kobylnyk ◽  
Walter H. A. Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
High Doses

AbstractDorsal anterior abdomens of late instar larvae of Trogoderma inclusum Le Conte and T. variabile Ballion were exposed to six doses from each of three lasers. The effects were followed for 183 days after lasing. Ruby (1.6–9.5 j/cm2) and neodymium (4.3–24.9 j/cm2) lasing killed the darker T. variabile larvae at lower doses than those required to kill the paler T. inclusum larvae. Carbon dioxide (2.1–12.7 j/cm2) lasing killed larvae of both species at intermediate and high doses. At sublethal doses, none of the three lasers affected development in terms of feeding, photonegative behavior, diapause, pupation, metamorphosis, reproductive mating behavior, fecundity, or egg development.

LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS PRODUCED BY THREE LASERS ON TWO TROGODERMA SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE): II. HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-525
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Kobylnyk ◽  
Walter H. A. Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽  
Ruby Laser ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
High Doses

AbstractDorsal anterior abdomens of late instar larvae of Trogoderma inclusum Le Conte and T. variabile Ballion were exposed to six doses from each of three lasers. The effects were followed for 183 days after lasing. Ruby (1.6–9.5 j/cm2) and neodymium (4.3–24.9 j/cm2) lasing killed the darker T. variabile larvae at lower doses than those required to kill the paler T. inclusum larvae. Dehydration through ruptured exocuticle and denatured cuticle was the main cause of death. Carbon dioxide (2.1–12.7 j/cm2) lasing killed larvae of both species at intermediate and high doses due to denaturation, degeneration of the fat body, and inhibition of moulting.At sublethal doses, subsequent instars bore lesions which lacked exocuticle and setae. Internally, the lesions consisted of wavy cuticle and thickened, vacuolated epidermis. These lesions were reversible because they regressed with moulting. Additional setae occurred in lesions of later instars where exocuticle had been initially lacking. In terms of irradiance, mortality, penetration, and persistence of lesions, the carbon dioxide laser was the most effective, the ruby laser was intermediate, and the neodymium laser the least effective.

scholarly journals Change in Life Expectancy and Stable Age Distribution of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella Xylostella (L.) After Indoxacarb Treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mahmoudvand ◽  
Habib Abbasipour ◽  
Aziz Garjan ◽  
Ali Bandani
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Oviposition Period ◽  
Stable Age Distribution ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Change in Life Expectancy and Stable Age Distribution of the Diamondback Moth,Plutella Xylostella(L.) After Indoxacarb TreatmentUsing high doses of insecticides is very dangerous for the environments and for humans. Decreased concentrations are necessary. Insecticides have lethal and sublethal effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the behavior ofPlutella xylostellawhen exposed to sublethal doses of indoxacarb in terms of the age-specific fecundity (mx), life expectancy (ex) and stable age distribution (Cx). Also, the effects of sublethals on the pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period of this insect were investigated. The results show that exposure to this insecticide decreased the age-specific fecundity (mx) and life expectancy (ex) of the insect. Although the pre-oviposition period was delayed in the treated groups, the post-oviposition period significantly decreased when exposed to LC10and LC25doses (the dose concentrations killed 10 and 25% of the populations) of indoxacarb. The oviposition period did not change. Furthermore, sublethal concentrations of the applied insecticide caused changes in the exposed structure.

Herbicide-Induced Ethylene Production: Role of the Gas in Sublethal Doses of 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Abeles
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Competitive Inhibitor ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Ethylene production was stimulated by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from light-grown corn (Zea mays L., var. XL-15) and soybeans (Glycine max Merr., var. Hawkeye). Ethylene had an inhibitory effect on the growth of corn and soybeans, but a reversal of the ethylene effect could not be clearly demonstrated using the competitive inhibitor, carbon dioxide. Ethylene did not mimic the ability of 2,4-D to cause growth curvatures. It was concluded that ethylene played a role in the activity of sublethal amounts of 2,4-D.

Endrin Toxicosis in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake F. Grant ◽  
Paul M. Mehrle
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Protein Distribution ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
High Doses

In mature rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) receiving sublethal doses of endrin (4.3–145 × μg/kg body wt/day in 0.215–7.25 mg/kg of food) for 163 days and then forced to swim for 1 hr, the insecticide affected serum electrolytes, osmolality, total protein, cholesterol, cortisol, lactate, glucose, liver glycogen, and growth. Forced swimming alone altered 9 of 16 serum parameters examined. Apparent increases in serum Na and Cl and significant increases in osmolality and liver glycogen were directly related to dosage. A biphasic distribution of phosphate, total protein, and cholesterol with dosage was apparent. Glucose was increased about 50% by 145 μg/kg but was unaffected by lower doses. Variance analysis of zone electrophoretic patterns disclosed an in teraction between serum protein distribution and dose. Mobilization of liver glycogen was apparently inhibited by low doses and almost totally blocked by high doses. Correspondingly, trout given 14.5 μg/kg or more had lowered serum cortisol levels whereas the lowest dose elevated cortisol. Growth was inhibited appreciably by 145 μg/kg but not by lower doses. Visceral fat accumulated 4.8–8.7 μg endrin/g tissue in the 43 and 145 μg/kg exposures. We conclude that endrin caused dysfunction of physiologic processes critical to survival.

scholarly journals Sublethal and transgenerational effects of alphamethrin on life history traits of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae), a malaria mosquito

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.P.N. Hariprasad ◽  
N.J. Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Fitness Parameters ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

AbstractAnopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae), an urban malaria vector in India, is controlled by insecticides. Sublethal concentrations can be effective in reducing mosquito populations and disease transmission by reducing its reproductive fitness. In this study, sublethal effects of alphamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, were assessed on selected fitness parameters. Late third instars of the Goraguntepalya strain, Bangalore, were exposed to three sublethal doses, LC10 – 0.00006, LC30 – 0.0004, and LC50 – 0.0014 mg/L and their effects on fecundity, egg hatchability, sex ratio, and longevity in parental, F1 and F2 generations. The morphology of gonads, pattern of pupation, and adult emergence were also assessed. We found a significant reduction in fecundity and hatchability among the sublethal concentrations as well as across generations. Survival analysis showed significant reduction in lifespan of exposed groups. Delay in pupation, eclosion, and no distortion in sex ratio was observed. The results suggest that sublethal concentrations of alphamethrin may have negative effects on exposed individuals and subsequent generations.

scholarly journals Fumigation of Empty Fruit Bins with Carbon Dioxide to Control Diapausing Codling Moth Larvae and Penicillium expansum Link. ex Thom Spores

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Cossentine ◽  
P.L. Sholberg ◽  
L.B.J. Jensen ◽  
K.E. Bedford ◽  
T.C. Shephard
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Fumigation Chamber ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fruit Pathogens

Wooden fruit bins are a source of diapausing codling moth and postharvest pathogenic fungi. The redistribution of codling moths within bins is a problem where codling moth populations are being controlled by areawide codling moth sterile release programs, mating disruption programs, or both. Laboratory and fumigation chamber trials were carried out to determine the impact of relatively low levels of carbon dioxide on late-instar codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) and two postharvest fruit pathogens, Penicillium expansum Link ex Thom and Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. Fumigation of diapausing codling moth with 40% CO2 in laboratory trials resulted in over 60% mortality after only 6 days of exposure and mortality increased with time of exposure. Significant mortality (68%) of diapausing codling moth larvae occurred after 14 days of exposure in the laboratory to 13% CO2 and a mean of 88% mortality was recorded after fumigation for 20 days. A significant number of P. expansum (46%) spores failed to germinate after laboratory exposure to 13% CO2 for 12 and 18 days respectively. Close to 100% of the P. expansum spores failed to germinate by day 20. When diapausing codling moth larvae and spores from both plant pathogens were placed in wooden fruit bins and fumigated for 21 days at 13% CO2, 75% of the diapausing codling moths died and 80% of the P. expansum spores failed to germinate. No effect on B. cinerea was observed.

scholarly journals Chronic High-Dose Neonicotinoid Exposure Decreases Overwinter Survival of Apis mellifera L.

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Wood ◽  
Ivanna V. Kozii ◽  
Igor Medici de Mattos ◽  
Roney de Carvalho Macedo Silva ◽  
Colby D. Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Overwinter Survival ◽  
Pathogen Load ◽  
Temperature Homeostasis ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Overwinter Mortality

Overwinter colony mortality is an ongoing challenge for North American beekeepers. During winter, honey bee colonies rely on stored honey and beebread, which is frequently contaminated with the neonicotinoid insecticides clothianidin and thiamethoxam. To determine whether neonicotinoid exposure affects overwinter survival of Apis mellifera L., we chronically exposed overwintering field colonies and winter workers in the laboratory to thiamethoxam or clothianidin at different concentrations and monitored survival and feed consumption. We also investigated the sublethal effects of chronic thiamethoxam exposure on colony pathogen load, queen quality, and colony temperature regulation. Under field conditions, high doses of thiamethoxam significantly increased overwinter mortality compared to controls, with field-realistic doses of thiamethoxam showing no significant effect on colony overwinter survival. Under laboratory conditions, chronic neonicotinoid exposure significantly decreased survival of winter workers relative to negative control at all doses tested. Chronic high-dose thiamethoxam exposure was not shown to impact pathogen load or queen quality, and field-realistic concentrations of thiamethoxam did not affect colony temperature homeostasis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that chronic environmental neonicotinoid exposure significantly decreases survival of winter workers in the laboratory, but only chronic high-dose thiamethoxam significantly decreases overwinter survival of colonies in the field.

Long-term sublethal effects of carbon dioxide on Atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salar L.): ion regulation, haematology, element composition, nephrocalcinosis and growth parameters

Aquaculture ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 215 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 301-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sveinung Fivelstad ◽  
Anne Berit Olsen ◽  
Torbjørn Åsgård ◽  
Grete Baeverfjord ◽  
Tim Rasmussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Element Composition ◽  
Ion Regulation
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