CODLING MOTH POPULATIONS UNDER NATURAL, INTEGRATED, AND CHEMICAL CONTROL ON APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 1397-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. MacLellan
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
Degree Of Isolation ◽  
Artificial Control

AbstractCodling moth populations on natural apple fruit trees scattered throughout Nova Scotia are compared with those in commercial orchards. In natural fruit, failure of crop, crop size, degree of isolation, amount of crowding by native trees, and natural enemies determine the level of codling moth numbers. Young commercial orchards require artificial control measures within a few years of first bearing fruit to prevent severe crop losses. In older commercial orchards natural controls require an occasional assist by chemical treatment to contain the codling moth below economically tolerable levels. Such treatment is applied to interfere as little as possible with known natural controls.

CODLING MOTH: A PILOT PROGRAM OF CONTROL BY STERILE INSECT RELEASE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Proverbs ◽  
J. R. Newton ◽  
C. J. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Moth Population ◽  
Sex Pheromone Traps ◽  
Sterile Insect Release

AbstractCodling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), control by sterile insect release (SIR) was assessed in 320–526 ha of apples and pears in the Similkameen Valley, B.C., from 1976 to 1978. In preparation for SIR, the moth population was first reduced to low numbers by removal of neglected trees in 1972 and by chemical sprays in 1975. Sterile (35 krad) male and female moths were released in each orchard 2 or 3 times weekly from 1 May until early September. A total of 23,600 sterile moths/ha was released in 1976, 36,500 in 1977, and 31,800 in 1978. Populations of sterile (marked) and wild moths were monitored by sex pheromone traps, and damage was assessed by fruit examination at harvest. Control was very good except for a few orchards in which overwintered populations were too high to achieve adequate overflooding with sterile moths. Damage exceeded the economic threshold (0.5%) in only 1 of 86 treated orchards in 1976, in 6 of 193 orchards in 1977, and in 0 of 157 orchards in 1978. Results in 32 orchards showed that when wild populations are brought close to extinction all codling moth control measures can be omitted for 2 or more years depending on degree of orchard isolation. Omission of codling moth sprays from 1976 to 1978 did not result in any important change in population levels of other apple pests. Cost of control by SIR was ca. $225/ha per year vs. ca. $95 for chemical control.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. III. Mites and their Predators

1949 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 202-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Apple Orchards

The commercial production of apples has led growers to greater reliance on chemical control measures for pests than have most fields of agricultural production. Since the turn of the century orchardists have plunged deeper and deeper into artificial measures to produce fruit free from blemishes without greatly alleviating the over-all pest problem and, in some cases, actually producing conditions conducive to still greater problems.

Role of Woodpeckers in Control of the Codling Moth in Nova Scotia

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. MacLellan
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Agricultural Crops

The value of woodpeckers in insect control has been recognized by entomologists for many years. Woodpeckers seek out and destroy many of the hidden insect pests of forest, shade and fruit trees and in the stalks or stems of agricultural crops. In forest trees, these birds have been reported destroying buprestid larvae and prepupae (1, 4, 16), cerambycid larvae and pupae (9, 10), and scolytid beetles (11-15, 18).

THE APPLE MAGGOT (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN NOVA SCOTIA

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (8) ◽  
pp. 885-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. A. Neilson
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Past History ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Seasonal History

AbstractThe apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), is a major pest of apples in Nova Scotia, and has in recent years become a serious threat to integrated insect control. This paper is an account of its past history, economic importance, seasonal history, natural enemies, the present cultural and chemical control practices, and the prospect of using alternative control measures.

scholarly journals Chemical Control of Scab ( Venturia inaequalis ) in the Seini Fruit Basin

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Lucia MIHALESCU ◽  
Oana MARE ROSCA ◽  
Zorica VOȘGAN ◽  
Monica MARIAN ◽  
Aurel MAXIM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Spreading Area ◽  
Scab Control ◽  
Set Up

The aim of this experimental research was to survey the spreading area of scab in the Seini fruit trees basin, monitoring the behavior of different varieties versus the attack of Venturia inaequalis fungi, to set up a scheme of scab control using the fenologic model and to determine the efficiency of the chemical treatment for the control of these fungi.

scholarly journals Biological Control of a Phytosanitary Pest (Thaumatotibia leucotreta): A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1198
Author(s):  
Sean D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Thaumatotibia Leucotreta ◽  
Sub Saharan

Thaumatotibia leucotreta, known as the false codling moth, is a pest of citrus and other crops in sub-Saharan Africa. As it is endemic to this region and as South Africa exports most of its citrus around the world, T. leucotreta has phytosanitary status for most markets. This means that there is zero tolerance for any infestation with live larvae in the market. Consequently, control measures prior to exporting must be exemplary. Certain markets require a standalone postharvest disinfestation treatment for T. leucotreta. However, the European Union accepts a systems approach, consisting of three measures and numerous components within these measures. Although effective preharvest control measures are important under all circumstances, they are most critical where a standalone postharvest disinfestation treatment is not applied, such as within a systems approach. Conventional wisdom may lead a belief that effective chemical control tools are imperative to achieve this end. However, we demonstrate that it is possible to effectively control T. leucotreta to a level acceptable for a phytosanitary market, using only biological control tools. This includes parasitoids, predators, microbial control, semiochemicals, and sterile insects. Simultaneously, on-farm and environmental safety is improved and compliance with the increasing stringency of chemical residue requirements imposed by markets is achieved.

scholarly journals Microbial antagonists against plant pathogens in Iran: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 404-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Alizadeh ◽  
Yalda Vasebi ◽  
Naser Safaie
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Disease Management ◽  
Published Research

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to give a comprehensive review of the published research works on biological control of different fungal, bacterial, and nematode plant diseases in Iran from 1992 to 2018. Plant pathogens cause economical loss in many agricultural products in Iran. In an attempt to prevent these serious losses, chemical control measures have usually been applied to reduce diseases in farms, gardens, and greenhouses. In recent decades, using the biological control against plant diseases has been considered as a beneficial and alternative method to chemical control due to its potential in integrated plant disease management as well as the increasing yield in an eco-friendly manner. Based on the reported studies, various species of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus were the most common biocontrol agents with the ability to control the wide range of plant pathogens in Iran from lab to the greenhouse and field conditions.

scholarly journals In Vitro Evaluation of Five Antimicrobial Peptides against the Plant Pathogen Erwinia amylovora

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 554
Author(s):  
Rafael J. Mendes ◽  
Laura Regalado ◽  
João P. Luz ◽  
Natália Tassi ◽  
Cátia Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Membrane Permeabilization ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Pome Fruit

Fire blight is a major pome fruit trees disease that is caused by the quarantine phytopathogenic Erwinia amylovora, leading to major losses, namely, in pear and apple productions. Nevertheless, no effective sustainable control treatments and measures have yet been disclosed. In that regard, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been proposed as an alternative biomolecule against pathogens but some of those AMPs have yet to be tested against E. amylovora. In this study, the potential of five AMPs (RW-BP100, CA-M, 3.1, D4E1, and Dhvar-5) together with BP100, were assessed to control E. amylovora. Antibiograms, minimal inhibitory, and bactericidal concentrations (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), growth and IC50 were determined and membrane permeabilization capacity was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis and colony-forming units (CFUs) plate counting. For the tested AMPs, the higher inhibitory and bactericidal capacity was observed for RW-BP100 and CA-M (5 and 5–8 µM, respectively for both MIC and MBC), whilst for IC50 RW-BP100 presented higher efficiency (2.8 to 3.5 µM). Growth curves for the first concentrations bellow MIC showed that these AMPs delayed E. amylovora growth. Flow cytometry disclosed faster membrane permeabilization for CA-M. These results highlight the potential of RW-BP100 and CA-M AMPs as sustainable control measures against E. amylovora.

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