Role of Woodpeckers in Control of the Codling Moth in Nova Scotia

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. MacLellan
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Agricultural Crops

The value of woodpeckers in insect control has been recognized by entomologists for many years. Woodpeckers seek out and destroy many of the hidden insect pests of forest, shade and fruit trees and in the stalks or stems of agricultural crops. In forest trees, these birds have been reported destroying buprestid larvae and prepupae (1, 4, 16), cerambycid larvae and pupae (9, 10), and scolytid beetles (11-15, 18).

Woodpeckers as Predators of the Codling Moth in Nova Scotia

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 673-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. MacLellan
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Spruce Beetle

There have been few quantitative studies on the role of woodpeckers in control of insect pests. Hutchison (1951) and Wygant (1958) pointed out the importance of these predators in reducing outbreaks of the Engelmann spruce beetle and Knight (1958) established a means of assessing the value of woodpeckers by correlating their activity with beetle survival but made no attempt to measure the numbers of woodpeckers in an area.

Considerations in experiments for the control of codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.)) in apples

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
KM Cellier
Keyword(s):  
No Reduction ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Individual Trees

A study was made of some aspects to be considered in experiments for the control of codling moth in apples. Examination of the number of fruit damaged by either deep entries or stings in samples of 100 fruit showed that the counts of damaged fruit could be considered as random samples from a Poisson (or binomial) distribution both within trees and also in plots up to a size of four test trees. An optimum plot size and sampling procedure was determined in experiments for the control of codling moth in apples. A single-tree plot with four samples per tree is optimum for unguarded plots, and plots of either one, two, three, or four trees with four samples per tree are satisfactory for guarded plots where the trees are hand-sprayed. Guarding seems an unnecessary safeguard and expense for hand-sprayed plots. Where "Air-Blast" spray machines are used, large plots with a double guard row are necessary, and it is sufficient to examine two to four samples per tree. It is suggested that Smith's heterogeneity law can be used to obtain the optimum plot size in experiments for the control of insect pests, and possibly of diseases on fruit trees. No reduction in experimental error was obtained by using the crop size of individual trees as a covariate in an analysis of covariance.

scholarly journals Tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae, Tachininae) – parasites of insect pests

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
T. O. Markova ◽  
M. V. Маslov ◽  
N. V. Repsh ◽  
A. S. Sakhnov
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Trophic Relations ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The study area included 127 species of parasites from the Tachininae subfamily (Diptera: Tachinidae) belonging to 53 genera and 14 tribes. The study was conducted in 2008-2018 in Primorsky Territory. Presently the list of tachinid fl ies with known hosts is made up of 52 species (40.9% of the total number). The Tachininae parasitize insect orders of Lepidoptera (86.6% of the total number of species with known data), Coleoptera (9.6%), Diptera (1.9%), Dermaptera (1.9%). Among representatives of Lepidoptera, species of Noctuidae (34.1%), Lymantriidae (10.7%) and Tortricidae (9.2%) families prevail. During the study, 28 host species of tachinids fl ies were revealed in the Lepidoptera order which are pests of agricultural crops, park, garden and forest vegetation. These insects, in the larval stage, feed on leaves, flower buds, flowers and fruits of trees and shrubs. They also damage fruit trees, park plants, sown seedlings, grain crops, basal parts and stems of vegetables. In the order of Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae family, 3 species are classifi ed as pests.It is for the fi rst time that the information was given on parasitizing of Тachina fera L. in caterpillars Spodoptera exigua Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Parhamaxia discalis Mesn. in imago Holotrichia parallela Motsch. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Hamaxia incongrua Walk. in imago Gametis jucunda (Fald.) and Anomala luculenta Er. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Mikia tepens Walk. in caterpillars Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). The study of the fauna of Tachinidae and trophic relations in the larval stage is of great scientifi c and practical importance in the fi ght against insect pests of agriculture and forestry.

CODLING MOTH POPULATIONS UNDER NATURAL, INTEGRATED, AND CHEMICAL CONTROL ON APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 1397-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. MacLellan
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
Degree Of Isolation ◽  
Artificial Control

AbstractCodling moth populations on natural apple fruit trees scattered throughout Nova Scotia are compared with those in commercial orchards. In natural fruit, failure of crop, crop size, degree of isolation, amount of crowding by native trees, and natural enemies determine the level of codling moth numbers. Young commercial orchards require artificial control measures within a few years of first bearing fruit to prevent severe crop losses. In older commercial orchards natural controls require an occasional assist by chemical treatment to contain the codling moth below economically tolerable levels. Such treatment is applied to interfere as little as possible with known natural controls.

scholarly journals On Some Significant Phytoplasma Diseases of Forest Trees: An Update

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Carmine Marcone ◽  
Deividas Valiunas ◽  
Soma Mondal ◽  
Ramachandran Sundararaj
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Specific Detection ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Pcr Technology ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Host Tolerance

This paper provides an updating of information of a selected number of major phytoplasma diseases of forest trees, with a focus on the associated phytoplasma taxa. Phytoplasma diseases of forest trees have been less extensively studied than those affecting fruit trees. Research on the role of phytoplasmas as the cause of diseases of forest trees has only in the last few years been intensified, after sensitive and specific detection methods greatly based on PCR technology became available. Various phytoplasma taxa have been identified in naturally infected elm, ash, conifer, sandal, and eucalyptus trees, whereas only one phytoplasma taxon has been recorded in naturally infected alder trees. However, for almost all of the reviewed diseases, there is still sparse information about insect vectors, plant host range, strain virulence, pathogenicity, and host tolerance and resistance. Knowledge of these aspects is the basis for appropriate disease management. In particular, further research is required to clarify the role of phytoplasmas in asymptomatic trees. In addition, the etiological role of various “non-specific” phytoplasma taxa, which have been recorded in forest trees, while no data from pathological studies are available, needs to be further investigated.

scholarly journals Role of beneficial fungi in managing diseases and insect pests of tea plantation

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishor Chand Kumhar ◽  
Azariah Babu ◽  
John Peter Arulmarianathan ◽  
Bhabesh Deka ◽  
Mitali Bordoloi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Tea Plantation ◽  
Beneficial Fungi

scholarly journals Characterization of symbiotic and associated bacteria from entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. (nematode: Heterorhabditidae) isolated from India

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid Pervez ◽  
Showkat Ahmad Lone ◽  
Sasmita Pattnaik
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Alcaligenes Faecalis ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Approaches

Abstract Background Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) harboring symbiotic bacteria are one of the safest alternatives to the chemical insecticides for the control of various insect pests. Infective juveniles of EPNs locate a target insect, enter through the openings, and reach the hemocoel, where they release the symbiotic bacteria and the target gets killed by the virulence factors of the bacteria. Photorhabdus with Heterorhabditis spp. are well documented; little is known about the associated bacteria. Main body In this study, we explored the presence of symbiotic and associated bacteria from Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 09) and characterized by phenotypic, biochemical, and molecular approaches. Six bacterial isolates, belonging to four different genera, were recovered and identified as follows: Photorhabdus luminescens, one each strain of Providencia vermicola, Pseudomonas entomophila, Alcaligenes aquatilis, and two strains of Alcaligenes faecalis based on the phenotypic, biochemical criteria and the sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Conclusion P. luminescens is symbiotically associated with Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 09), whereas P. vermicola, P. entomophila, A. aquatilis, and A. faecalis are the associated bacteria. Further studies are needed to determine the exact role of the bacterial associates with the Heterorhabditis sp.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Entomopathogenic Fungi: Antimicrobial Resistance, Nanopesticides, and Toxicity

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 852
Author(s):  
Tárcio S. Santos ◽  
Tarcisio M. Silva ◽  
Juliana C. Cardoso ◽  
Ricardo L. C. de Albuquerque-Júnior ◽  
Aleksandra Zielinska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Potential Use

Silver nanoparticles are widely used in the biomedical and agri-food fields due to their versatility. The use of biological methods for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles has increased considerably due to their feasibility and high biocompatibility. In general, microorganisms have been widely explored for the production of silver nanoparticles for several applications. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of entomopathogenic fungi for the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles, in comparison to the use of other filamentous fungi, and the possibility of using these nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents and for the control of insect pests. In addition, the in vitro methods commonly used to assess the toxicity of these materials are discussed. Several species of filamentous fungi are known to have the ability to form silver nanoparticles, but few studies have been conducted on the potential of entomopathogenic fungi to produce these materials. The investigation of the toxicity of silver nanoparticles is usually carried out in vitro through cytotoxicity/genotoxicity analyses, using well-established methodologies, such as MTT and comet assays, respectively. The use of silver nanoparticles obtained through entomopathogenic fungi against insects is mainly focused on mosquitoes that transmit diseases to humans, with satisfactory results regarding mortality estimates. Entomopathogenic fungi can be employed in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles for potential use in insect control, but there is a need to expand studies on toxicity so to enable their use also in insect control in agriculture.

Carabidae (Coleoptera) in Nova Scotia, Canada wild blueberry fields: prospects for biological control

2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (6) ◽  
pp. 779-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Cutler ◽  
J.M. Renkema ◽  
C.G. Majka ◽  
J.M. Sproule
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Conservation Biological Control ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Wild Blueberries ◽  
Wild Blueberry

AbstractThe Carabidae (Coleoptera) are a diverse family of beetles with almost 300 species identified in Nova Scotia, Canada. Carabid beetle communities have been studied in several agricultural systems, but not wild blueberries, an important crop in eastern Canada. In the interest of potentially developing conservation biological control programs in wild blueberry, we collected Carabidae in crop (fruit-bearing) and sprout (vegetative) blueberry fields in Nova Scotia in order to assess species diversity and abundance over space and time. Over 3200 specimens were collected, representing 51 species. A large portion of collected specimens (39%) were nonnative, and the most abundant species were generally predacious and synanthropic. Species diversity tended to be higher near forest edges than further into fields, but not for all abundant species. Several of the most prominent predators showed significant differences in preference of crop versus sprout fields, distribution throughout fields, and seasonable abundance. These findings have implications for conservation biological control efforts with carabid beetles against several insect pests in wild blueberry.

Studies on the flowering biology of red sorrel (Rumex acetosella) ramets from lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) fields in Nova Scotia, Canada

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott N. White ◽  
Nathan S. Boyd ◽  
Rene C. Van Acker ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Vaccinium Angustifolium ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Flowering Response ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Rumex Acetosella

Red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) is a ramet-producing herbaceous creeping perennial species commonly found as a weed in commercially managed lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) fields in Nova Scotia, Canada. Flowering and seed production occur primarily in overwintering ramets of this species, indicating a potential vernalization requirement for flowering. This study was therefore initiated to examine the role of vernalization, photoperiod, and pre-vernalization stimulus on ramet flowering. Red sorrel ramets propagated from creeping roots and seeds collected from established red sorrel populations in lowbush blueberry had an obligate requirement for vernalization to flower. Ramet populations maintained under pre- and post-vernalization photoperiods of 16 h flowered following 12 weeks of vernalization at 4 ± 0.1 °C, whereas those maintained under constant 16, 14, or 8 h photoperiods without vernalization did not flower. Vernalization for 10 weeks maximized, but did not saturate, the flowering response. Pre-vernalization photoperiod affected flowering response, with increased flowering frequency observed in ramet populations exposed to decreasing, rather than constant, photoperiod prior to vernalization. This study represents the first attempt to determine the combined effects of vernalization and photoperiod on red sorrel flowering, and the results provide a benchmark for the future study of flowering and sexual reproduction in this economically important perennial weed species.

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