Chinese Journey to the Challenger Deep: The Development and First Phase of Sea Trial of an 11,000-m Rainbowfish ARV

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weicheng Cui ◽  
Yong Hu ◽  
Wei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Sea Trial ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Manned Submersible ◽  
Challenger Deep ◽  
Private Investors

AbstractThe remoteness and isolation of hadal zone environments make this region of inner space a particularly fertile field for scientific inquiry. After the successful development of the 7,000-m class deep manned submersible Jiaolong, the Chinese government and scientists have recognized the necessity to develop deep submergence vehicles up to 11,000 m depth. In this paper, a unique Chinese journey to the Challenger Deep is described. The whole project is to construct a movable laboratory that includes a mothership, three full ocean depth landers, a hybrid autonomous and remotely operated vehicle (ARV), and a human occupied vehicle (HOV). A three-phase approach is adopted for this project. Phase I is the completion of 4,000-m class sea trials of the first lander and the ARV with a temporary ship. Phase II is the completion of 11,000-m sea trials of the three landers and the ARV with the newly built mothership. Phase III is the completion of 11,000-m sea trials of the HOV with the same permanent mothership. In order to overcome the funding issue, a multiple investment method was introduced in this project. The basic idea is that the funding for the ARV and three landers will be sought from university sources and local government, the funding for the mothership will be sought from private investors, and only the manned submersible will seek support from the central government. To the authors' knowledge, this may be the first attempt in China to carry out a project with private investment as a supplement to governmental funding. The project has progressed very well over the past 3 years and has proven that this funding strategy is working. In this paper, the progress of the whole project is briefly introduced, while the focus is on the description of the design details of the Rainbowfish ARV including the results of the first phase of sea trials. The ARV planned to perform its 11,000-m class sea trial at the end of 2016.

scholarly journals JUSTIFICATION OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN VIRTUAL SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 20-22
Author(s):  
M. V. Sokolovsky ◽  
I. V. Tselikhina
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Virtual Work ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Securities Market ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Private Investors ◽  
Financial Losses

The article explores the specific risks that accompany online securities transactions. Private investors are focused on speculative operations, long-term investments are unpopular. This increases the risk and forms the need for risk management. The article attempts to analyze the risk management system of virtual work of Internet brokers on the stock exchange. The emphasis has been shifted specifically to private investment, since this block is one of the most promising for the development of the securities market at the present stage. The purpose of risk management in the system of Internet trading in securities is positioned in the article, primarily as a reduction of financial losses, and then ensuring the financial stability and reliability of the system for the client.

Depth Profiling Investigation of Seawater Using Combined Multi-Optical Spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wangquan Ye ◽  
Jinjia Guo ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Fujun Qi ◽  
Kai Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Depth Profiling ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Depth Resolution ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Sea Trial ◽  
Depth Profiles ◽  
Diving Depth ◽  
Optical Spectrometry

Depth profiling investigation plays an important role in studying the dynamic processes of the ocean. In this paper, a newly developed hyphenated underwater system based on multi-optical spectrometry is introduced and used to measure seawater spectra at different depths with the aid of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The hyphenated system consists of two independent compact deep-sea spectral instruments, a deep ocean compact autonomous Raman spectrometer and a compact underwater laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system for sea applications (LIBSea). The former was used to take both Raman scattering and fluorescence of seawater, and the LIBS signal could be recorded with the LIBSea. The first sea trial of the developed system was taken place in the Bismarck Sea, Papua New Guinea, in June 2015. Over 4000 multi-optical spectra had been captured up to the diving depth about 1800 m at maximum. The depth profiles of some ocean parameters were extracted from the captured joint Raman–fluorescence and LIBS spectra with a depth resolution of 1 m. The concentrations of [Formula: see text] and the water temperatures were measured using Raman spectra. The fluorescence intensities from both colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and chlorophyll were found to be varied in the euphotic zone. With LIBS spectra, the depth profiles of metallic elements were also obtained. The normalized intensity of atomic line Ca(I) extracted from LIBS spectra raised around the depth of 1600 m, similar to the depth profile of CDOM. This phenomenon might be caused by the nonbuoyant hydrothermal plumes. It is worth mentioning that this is the first time Raman and LIBS spectroscopy have been applied simultaneously to the deep-sea in situ investigations.

scholarly journals Toward Sustainable Development? A Bibliometric Analysis of PPP-Related Policies in China between 1980 and 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Chen ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Caixia Man
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
Development Policies

This article aims to fill the void in the literature regarding the sustainable development of public–private partnerships (PPPs) by answering the following research questions: (1) Between 1980 and 2017, what were the PPP-related policy priorities in the three different historical phases of the Chinese national agenda that we have identified herein? (2) Have the PPP-related policies shown a pattern of moving toward sustainable development, and if so, to what extent? Against a criteria framework of evaluating how PPP-related policies could contribute to sustainable development, this article conducted a quantitative bibliometric analysis of 299 PPP-related policy documents issued by the Chinese central government between 1980 and 2017. By visualizing the networks of policy keywords and policy-issuing departments, this article identified the PPP-related policy priorities in the following three distinct historical phases: Phase I (1980–1997), the encouragement of foreign investment in the public infrastructure; Phase II (1998–2008), the encouragement of the marketization of the urban public utilities; and Phase III (2009–2017), the intensive institutionalization and extensive application of PPPs for solving the local debt problem. Corresponding to the abovementioned policy priorities, this article found that the pattern of PPP-related policies has shifted from the total absence of sustainable development policies in Phase I, to a few sustainable development policy attempts in Phase II, and finally, to a tendency toward policies favoring sustainable development in Phase III.

scholarly journals Improving newborn heart rate assessment using a simple visual timer

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000638
Author(s):  
Caroline Henry ◽  
David E Morris ◽  
Sophie Coleman ◽  
Andrea Pereira ◽  
Christian Tamakloe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Developmental Approach ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Assessment Time ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Improved Accuracy

ObjectiveNewborn resuscitation relies on accurate heart rate (HR) assessment, which, during auscultation, is prone to error. We investigated if a 6 s visual timer (VT) could improve HR assessment accuracy during newborn simulation.DesignProspective observational study of newborn healthcare professionals.SettingThree-phase developmental approach: phase I: HR auscultation during newborn simulation using a standard clock timer (CT) or the VT; phase II: repeat phase I after using a bespoke training app (NeoRate); phase III: following the Newborn Life Support course, participants assessed random HRs using the CT or VT.Main outcome measuresHR accuracy (within ±10 beats/min, correct HR category, i.e. <60, 60–100 and >100 beats/min), assessment time and error-free rates were compared.ResultsOverall, 1974 HR assessments were performed with participants more accurate using the VT for ±10 beats/min (70% CT vs 86% VT, p<0.001) and correct HR category (78% CT vs 84% VT, p<0.01). The VT improved accuracy across all three phases. Additionally, following app training in phase II, the HR accuracy of both the CT and VT improved. The VT resulted in faster HR assessment times of 11 s (IQR 9–13) compared with the CT at 15 s (IQR 9–23, p<0.001). Error-free scenarios increased from 24% using the CT to 57% using the VT (p<0.001), with a shorter assessment time (CT 116 s (IQR 65–156) vs VT 53 s (IQR 50–64), p<0.001).ConclusionUsing a VT to assess simulated newborn HR combined with a training app significantly improves accuracy and reduces assessment time compared with standard methods. Evaluation in the clinical setting is required to determine potential benefits.

Designing an eHealth Breastfeeding Resource With Young Mothers Using a Participatory Design

2020 ◽  
pp. 104365962095706
Author(s):  
Jennifer Abbass-Dick ◽  
Barbara Chyzzy ◽  
Amber Newport ◽  
Joanne Huizinga ◽  
Fangli Xie
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Participatory Design ◽  
Participatory Approach ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Learning Needs ◽  
Young Mothers ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Breastfeeding Support ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Three Phase

Introduction Breastfeeding rates among young mothers are low and do not meet recommendations from health authorities, putting the health of young mothers and their infants at risk. Young mothers require breastfeeding support that meets their learning needs and preferred mode for accessing information. The objective of this study was to work collaboratively with young mothers in order to cocreate an eHealth breastfeeding resource. Methodology A three-phase exploratory study was conducted in Ontario, Canada. In Phases I and II, young mothers and health care providers (HCPs) were recruited and preferences for an eHealth breastfeeding resource were explored. In Phase III, feedback from young mothers and HCPs about the new resource was collected. Results Participants found the breastfeeding eHealth resource visually appealing, engaging, and informative. Discussion Cocreating a tailored breastfeeding eHealth resource with young mothers and HCPs using a participatory approach ensured that the resource design and content met the learning needs of young mothers.

scholarly journals Three-Phase-Based Approach to Develop a River Health Prediction and Early Warning System to Guide River Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 4163
Author(s):  
Yongming Chen ◽  
Jihong Xia ◽  
Wangwei Cai ◽  
Zhilin Sun ◽  
Chuanbing Dou
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
River System ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Health Index ◽  
River Health ◽  
Phase Approach ◽  
Three Phase

To effectively manage a river system, systematic tracking and diagnosing the change and risks of a river system are essentially required to efficiently conserve or restore its conditions. Hence, this study focuses on how to integrate current status assessment, trend prediction, and cause diagnosis in river health to guide early warning decision-making in river protection and management. This study has presented a three-phase approach by coupling spatial with nonspatial information in a highly systematic and reliable way, and an early warning system has been designed. In phase I, the current health status is assessed and nowcasted by using the order degree of each indicator. In phase II, health predictors, including the single perspective-based health index (HI) (e.g., water quality index (WQI) and index of biotic integrity (IBI)) and multi-perspective-based health index, have been forecasted under normal conditions or emerging conditions using predictive models. In phase III, key causal factors threatening the river health have been identified to enable early notification and to address unexpected events before occurrence. Although different modeling methods can be used in each phase to demonstrate this concept, we tested the model of partial least square regression (PLSR) associated with time series. Additionally, the three-phase approach has been integrated with geographic information system (GIS) and a decision support system (DSS) to develop a river health prediction and early warning system (RHP-EWS), an automatic prediction and decision-making tool. This tool was implemented to deal with the landing of typhoon “Maria” in 2018 into the Shanxi River watershed in China. Because of the timely responses and decisions, the drinking water supply was not influenced. However, the models should be extended to other river systems for testing and improvement at different temporal or spatial scales.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document