Plant Viruses and Crops ": Part 2: Genetic Engineering for Virus Resistance in Plants: Different Viruses Demand Different Strategies (01:02:11) "

SynopsisSome of the most successful early applications of genetic engineering in crop improvement have been in the production of virus-resistant plants. This has been achieved not by the transfer of naturally occurring resistance genes from one plant species or variety to another but by transformation with novel resistance genes based on nucleotide sequences derived from the viruses themselves or from virus-associated nucleic acids. Transformation of plants with a DNA copy of the particle protein gene of viruses that have positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes typically confers resistance to infection with the homologous and closely related viruses. Transformation with a gene that is transcribed to produce a benign viral satellite RNA can confer virus-specific tolerance of infection. In addition, recent work with viral poly-merase gene-related sequences offers much promise, and research is active on other strategies such as the use of virus-specific ribozymes.Already the field trialling of plants incorporating transgenic virus resistance has begun, with encouraging results, and effects on virus spread are being studied. Deployment strategies for the resistant plants must now be devised and the conjectural hazards of growing them assessed. Genetically engineered virus resistance promises to make a major contribution to the control of plant virus diseases by non-chemical methods.

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Progress in Genetic Engineering of Cowpea for Insect Pest and Virus Resistance

Genetically Modified Crops ◽

10.1007/978-981-15-5897-9_7 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 115-137

Author(s):

J. Muthuvel ◽

Manalisha Saharia ◽

Sanjeev Kumar ◽

Moses Akindele Abiala ◽

Gundimeda J. N. Rao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Engineering ◽

Virus Resistance ◽

Insect Pest

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Genetic Engineering with Plant Viruses, and Their Potential as Vectors

Advances in Virus Research ◽

10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60720-4 ◽

1983 ◽

pp. 1-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

R. Hull ◽

J.W. Davies

Keyword(s):

Genetic Engineering ◽

Plant Viruses

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Engineering Resistance Against Viruses in Field Crops Using CRISPR-Cas9

Current Genomics ◽

10.2174/1389202922666210412102214 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

Author(s):

Vidya R. Hinge ◽

Rahul L. Chavhan ◽

Sandeep P. Kale ◽

Penna Suprasanna ◽

Ulhas S. Kadam

Keyword(s):

Genome Editing ◽

Host Resistance ◽

Virus Resistance ◽

Plant Virus ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Plant Genome ◽

Change Scenario ◽

Field Crops ◽

Plant Virus Resistance

: Various types biotic stresses affect growth and production of agricultural crops, among them viruses are of most concern which cause yield losses in all field crops; challenging global food security. Enhancement of host resistance against plant viruses is a priority for effective management of plant viral diseases. In the present context of climate change scenario, plant viruses are rapidly evolving and defeating the host resistance. Advances in genome editing techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated 9] have been recognized as a promising tool for the development of plant virus resistance. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool is widely preferred due to high target specificity, simple, efficient, and reproducible genetic manipulation. CRISPR-Cas9 based virus resistance in plants has been successfully achieved through gene targeting and cleaving viral genome or altering the plant genome to enhance plant innate immunity. In this article, we have outlined the CRISPR-Cas9 system, plant immunity against viruses and use of CRISPR-Cas9 system to engineer virus resistance in plants. We also discuss prospects and challenges on the use of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated plant virus resistance in crop improvement.

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Genetic engineering of virus resistance in plants

Pesticide Science ◽

10.1002/ps.2780260111 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 105-106

Author(s):

David Baulcombe

Keyword(s):

Genetic Engineering ◽

Virus Resistance

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Plant viruses: A tool-box for genetic engineering and crop protection

BioEssays ◽

10.1002/bies.950100602 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 179-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

T. Michael ◽

A. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Genetic Engineering ◽

Crop Protection ◽

Plant Viruses

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Development and Adoption of Genetically Engineered Plants for Virus Resistance: Advances, Opportunities and Challenges

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10112339 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2339

Author(s):

Prakash N. Niraula ◽

Vincent N. Fondong

Keyword(s):

Virus Resistance ◽

Infected Plant ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Gm Crops ◽

Viral Diseases ◽

Gm Crop ◽

Viral Genomes ◽

Plant Genomes ◽

Regulatory Policies ◽

Viral Genes

Plant viruses cause yield losses to crops of agronomic and economic significance and are a challenge to the achievement of global food security. Although conventional plant breeding has played an important role in managing plant viral diseases, it will unlikely meet the challenges posed by the frequent emergence of novel and more virulent viral species or viral strains. Hence there is an urgent need to seek alternative strategies of virus control that can be more readily deployed to contain viral diseases. The discovery in the late 1980s that viral genes can be introduced into plants to engineer resistance to the cognate virus provided a new avenue for virus disease control. Subsequent advances in genomics and biotechnology have led to the refinement and expansion of genetic engineering (GE) strategies in crop improvement. Importantly, many of the drawbacks of conventional breeding, such as long lead times, inability or difficulty to cross fertilize, loss of desirable plant traits, are overcome by GE. Unfortunately, public skepticism towards genetically modified (GM) crops and other factors have dampened the early promise of GE efforts. These concerns are principally about the possible negative effects of transgenes to humans and animals, as well as to the environment. However, with regards to engineering for virus resistance, these risks are overstated given that most virus resistance engineering strategies involve transfer of viral genes or genomic segments to plants. These viral genomes are found in infected plant cells and have not been associated with any adverse effects in humans or animals. Thus, integrating antiviral genes of virus origin into plant genomes is hardly unnatural as suggested by GM crop skeptics. Moreover, advances in deep sequencing have resulted in the sequencing of large numbers of plant genomes and the revelation of widespread endogenization of viral genomes into plant genomes. This has raised the possibility that viral genome endogenization is part of an antiviral defense mechanism deployed by the plant during its evolutionary past. Thus, GM crops engineered for viral resistance would likely be acceptable to the public if regulatory policies were product-based (the North America regulatory model), as opposed to process-based. This review discusses some of the benefits to be gained from adopting GE for virus resistance, as well as the challenges that must be overcome to leverage this technology. Furthermore, regulatory policies impacting virus-resistant GM crops and some success cases of virus-resistant GM crops approved so far for cultivation are discussed.

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651 Important Genes that Have Been Transferred or Are Available for Transfer

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.560a ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 560A-560

Author(s):

D.M. Tricoli ◽

K.J. Carney ◽

L.J. Nea ◽

J.M. Palys ◽

J.F. Reynolds ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transgenic Plants ◽

Shelf Life ◽

Virus Resistance ◽

Herbicide Tolerance ◽

Plant Biotechnology ◽

Food Product ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

High Viscosity ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Biological Traits

Many seed companies are using plant biotechnology as a valuable extension of conventional plant breeding with the goal of providing breeders with novel biological traits. The application of biotechnology allows scientists and breeders to make precise changes during the process of germplasm improvement. Many of the first improvements achieved using transgenic plants have involved the transfer of input traits. Some of these traits include, insect resistance, nematode resistance, disease resistance, and herbicide tolerance. For example, the insertion of a gene that produces the crystalline toxin from Bacillus thuringeinsis has led to the production of transgenic plants that are resistant to insects from the Order Lepidoptera. The transfer of coat protein genes from plant viruses has lead to the development of transgenic crops that are resistant to the virus from which the gene or genes were isolated. Various strategies have been developed that allow transgenic plants to tolerate applications of herbicides that allows for improved weed control. In addition to input traits, other strategies are now being used that are directed at improving output traits. These include such traits as enhanced shelf life, ripening control, altered oils, and superior processing characteristics. At Seminis Vegetable Seed Co., we are currently developing transgenic plants with enhanced input as well as output traits. We have an active program using pathogen derived genes to develop virus resistance cultivars in a range of crops including, tomato, cucurbits, and peppers. Using this approach, we have been able to develop plants with multiple virus resistance by transforming germplasm with constructs containing stacked genes. Seminis is currently marketing a hybrid squash variety with resistance to two major virus pathogens. Another major goal for Seminis is implementing biotechnology to improve various aspects of fruit quality including viscosity, color, softening, and shelf life. Through our collaboration with Zeneca we have developed a high viscosity tomato, which was produced by suppressing endogenous levels of polyglacturonase. This processed food product is currently on the market in the United Kingdom.

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