CH$_4$-flow-rate-dependent Structural, Optical, and Electrical Characteristics of CVD-grown Graphene

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 1301-1305
Author(s):  
Ju Hwan Kim ◽  
Sung Kim ◽  
Suk-Ho Choi*
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Grown Graphene

Replacing Mechanized Oxyfuel Cutting Sensors With Ion Current Sensing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Ion Current ◽  
Work Piece ◽  
Active Sensing ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
Current Sensing ◽  
Additional Work ◽  
Oxygen Ratio

This paper describes a method using electrical characteristics of the torch, flame, and work piece to replace active sensing elements most commonly used for mechanized oxyfuel cutting applications; height, fuel/oxygen ratio, work temperature, and preheat flow rate. Calibrations are given for the torch under test for standoff accurate to ±1/32 in (0.8 mm) and F/O ratio accurate to ±.008. Methods are proposed for balancing flow across multi-torch systems, and detecting the work kindling temperature. Additional work is needed if calibrated flow and work temperatures are to be measured electrically.

Flow rate dependent corrosion behavior of Eurofer steel in Pb–15.7Li

2011 ◽  
Vol 417 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 1191-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Konys ◽  
W. Krauss ◽  
H. Steiner ◽  
J. Novotny ◽  
A. Skrypnik
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Rate Dependent

Non-local continuum modelling of steady, dense granular heap flows

2017 ◽  
Vol 831 ◽  
pp. 212-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daren Liu ◽  
David L. Henann
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Creeping Flow ◽  
Decay Length ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Continuum Modelling ◽  
Rapid Flow ◽  
Dense Granular Flow ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Side Walls

Dense granular heap flows are common in nature, such as during avalanches and landslides, as well as in industrial flows. In granular heap flows, rapid flow is localized near the free surface with the thickness of the rapidly flowing layer dependent on the overall flow rate. In the region deep beneath the surface, exponentially decaying creeping flow dominates with characteristic decay length depending only on the geometry and not the overall flow rate. Existing continuum models for dense granular flow based upon local constitutive equations are not able to simultaneously predict both of these experimentally observed features – failing to even predict the existence of creeping flow beneath the surface. In this work, we apply a scale-dependent continuum approach – the non-local granular fluidity model – to steady, dense granular flows on a heap between two smooth, frictional side walls. We show that the model captures the salient features of both the flow-rate-dependent, rapidly flowing surface layer and the flow-rate-independent, slowly creeping bulk under steady flow conditions.

Ligand structure and charge state-dependent separation of monolayer protected Au25 clusters using non-aqueous reversed-phase HPLC

The Analyst ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 1337-1345
Author(s):  
Korath Shivan Sugi ◽  
Shridevi Bhat ◽  
Abhijit Nag ◽  
Paramasivam Ganesan ◽  
Ananthu Mahendranath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Charge State ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Reversed Phase Hplc ◽  
Ligand Structure ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
State Dependent

We demonstrate a systematic flow rate dependent study of three different aliphatic ligand protected Au25 clusters, with three commercially available reversed-phase HPLC columns.

scholarly journals Apical maxi-K (KCa1.1) channels mediate K+ secretion by the mouse submandibular exocrine gland

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. C810-C819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuji Nakamoto ◽  
Victor G. Romanenko ◽  
Atsushi Takahashi ◽  
Ted Begenisich ◽  
James E. Melvin
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Excretory Duct ◽  
Exocrine Gland ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Duct Cells ◽  
K Secretion ◽  
Apical Membranes ◽  
Submandibular Saliva ◽  
K Currents

The exocrine salivary glands of mammals secrete K+ by an unknown pathway that has been associated with HCO3− efflux. However, the present studies found that K+ secretion in the mouse submandibular gland did not require HCO3−, demonstrating that neither K+/HCO3− cotransport nor K+/H+ exchange mechanisms were involved. Because HCO3− did not appear to participate in this process, we tested whether a K channel is required. Indeed, K+ secretion was inhibited >75% in mice with a null mutation in the maxi-K, Ca2+-activated K channel (KCa1.1) but was unchanged in mice lacking the intermediate-conductance IKCa1 channel (KCa3.1). Moreover, paxilline, a specific maxi-K channel blocker, dramatically reduced the K+ concentration in submandibular saliva. The K+ concentration of saliva is well known to be flow rate dependent, the K+ concentration increasing as the flow decreases. The flow rate dependence of K+ secretion was nearly eliminated in K Ca 1.1 null mice, suggesting an important role for KCa1.1 channels in this process as well. Importantly, a maxi-K-like current had not been previously detected in duct cells, the theoretical site of K+ secretion, but we found that KCa1.1 channels localized to the apical membranes of both striated and excretory duct cells, but not granular duct cells, using immunohistochemistry. Consistent with this latter observation, maxi-K currents were not detected in granular duct cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the secretion of K+ requires and is likely mediated by KCa1.1 potassium channels localized to the apical membranes of striated and excretory duct cells in the mouse submandibular exocrine gland.

Determinants of ammonia entry along the rat proximal tubule during chronic metabolic acidosis

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (6) ◽  
pp. F1104-F1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Simon ◽  
C. Merli ◽  
J. Herndon ◽  
E. J. Cragoe ◽  
L. L. Hamm
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Proximal Tubule ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Perfusion Rate ◽  
Chronic Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Bicarbonate Reabsorption ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Rat Proximal Tubule

The technique of in vivo microperfusion was used to examine the determinants of ammonia entry along the rat proximal tubule under conditions of chronic metabolic acidosis (CMA). When perfused with a 5 mM bicarbonate-containing perfusate, collected fluid ammonia concentrations remained constant with increasing flow rate and thus ammonia entry was highly flow-rate dependent. Ammonia entry was also flow-rate dependent using a 25 mM bicarbonate perfusate but entry reached a plateau as perfusion rate increased. Also, ammonia entry tended to be lower at all perfusion rates with the 25 mM perfusate compared with the 5 mM bicarbonate perfusate, but this was most evident at the highest perfusion rate (45 nl/min). The decline in ammonia entry was associated with increasing collected fluid bicarbonate concentrations, suggesting that there was inhibition of diffusion trapping of ammonia. The effects of Na+-H+ exchange inhibition on ammonia entry were examined using the amiloride analogue, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride. With a 25 mM bicarbonate-containing perfusate, the amiloride analogue caused a significant decrease in bicarbonate reabsorption but a nonsignificant decrease in ammonia entry associated with a significant rise in collected fluid bicarbonate concentration. When the potential effects of decreased diffusion trapping of ammonia were eliminated with 12 and 5 mM bicarbonate-containing perfusates, the analogue had no effect on ammonia entry despite significant inhibition of bicarbonate reabsorption. Thus ammonia entry in CMA is moderately affected by tubule fluid pH but is highly flow-rate dependent. There were no effects of inhibition of Na+-H+ exchange above those expected from inhibition of diffusion trapping of ammonia.

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