scholarly journals Evaluation of cobalt as a performance enhancing drug (PED) in racehorses

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-252
Author(s):  
K.H. McKeever ◽  
K. Malinowski ◽  
C.K. Fenger ◽  
W.C. Duer ◽  
G.A. Maylin
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Anaerobic Exercise ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Performance Enhancing ◽  
A Performance

Cobalt is a required trace element in animals, but administration in excess is considered dangerous and potentially performance enhancing in equine athletes. This study seeks to determine if cobalt may actually act as a performance enhancing drug (PED) by altering biochemical parameters related to red blood cell production as well as markers of aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. In addition, for adequate regulation of naturally occurring substances, such as cobalt, its distribution among the population must be defined. In order to identify this distribution, plasma Cobalt was determined from 245 Standardbred horses with no cobalt supplementation from farms in New York and New Jersey, including horses at the Rutgers University Equine Science Center. Samples were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Seven healthy, race fit Standardbreds (4 geldings, 3 mares, age: 5±3 years, ~500 kg) were used for the PED experiment. An incremental graded exercise test (GXT) to measure maximal aerobic capacity (V̇O2max) and markers of performance, measurement of plasma volume and blood volume as well as the measurement of lactate, erythropoietin (EPO), and various blood haematological factors were determined 7 days prior to cobalt administration. Each horse was administered a sterile solution of cobalt salts (50 mg of elemental Co as CoCl2 in 10 ml of saline, IV) at 9 AM on three consecutive days via the jugular vein. Blood samples were obtained from the contralateral jugular vein before and at 1, 2, 4 and 24 h after administration. Plasma and blood volume were measured one day after the last dose of cobalt, and a post administration GXT was performed the next day. Horses were observed for signs of adverse effects of the cobalt administration (agitation, sweating, increased respiration, etc.). Plasma cobalt concentration increased from a pre-administration mean of 1.6±0.6 to 369±28 μg/l following 3 doses of the cobalt solution (P<0.05). This Co concentration was unaccompanied by changes in aerobic or anaerobic performance, plasma EPO concentration, plasma volume, resting blood volume, total blood volume, or estimated red blood cell volume (P>0.05). There were no observed adverse effects.

scholarly journals Regulation of blood volume in lowlanders exposed to high altitude

2017 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Siebenmann ◽  
Paul Robach ◽  
Carsten Lundby
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Oxyhemoglobin Saturation ◽  
Physiological Relevance

Humans ascending to high altitude (HA) experience a reduction in arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation and, as a result, arterial O2content ([Formula: see text]). As HA exposure extends, this reduction in [Formula: see text] is counteracted by an increase in arterial hemoglobin concentration. Initially, hemoconcentration is exclusively related to a reduction in plasma volume (PV), whereas after several weeks a progressive expansion in total red blood cell volume (RCV) contributes, although often to a modest extent. Since the decrease in PV is more rapid and usually more pronounced than the expansion in RCV, at least during the first weeks of exposure, a reduction in circulating blood volume is common at HA. Although the regulation of hematological responses to HA has been investigated for decades, it remains incompletely understood. This is not only related to the large number of mechanisms that could be involved and the complexity of their interplay but also to the difficulty of conducting comprehensive experiments in the often secluded HA environment. In this review, we present our understanding of the kinetics, the mechanisms and the physiological relevance of the HA-induced reduction in PV and expansion in RCV.

Influence of the spleen on blood volume and haematocrit in the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ Dawson ◽  
MJS Denny
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Trichosurus Vulpecula ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Significant Function ◽  
Blood Reservoir

The blood volume of T. vulpecula was measured and the influence of the spleen on the circulating blood volume investigated. The circulating blood volume of "normal" restrained animals was 57.4 � 3.19 ml, the plasma volume being 31.2 � 1.93 ml, and the red blood cell volume 26.2 � 2.08 ml per kilogram body weight. These values tended to be lower than those of eutherian mammals and it is suggested that this might be associated with a possible lower metabolic rate. The spleen was found to have a significant function as a blood reservoir. Measurement of volume of circulating red blood cells after injections of adrenaline (to cause splenic emptying) and chlorpromazine (to achieve maximum filling of the spleen) showed that the splenic reserve of erythrocytes was approximately 11.0 ml/kg body weight.

Cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and brain tissue hematocrit during isovolemic hemodilution with hetastarch in rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (1) ◽  
pp. H75-H82 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Todd ◽  
J. B. Weeks ◽  
D. S. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Isovolemic Hemodilution ◽  
Blood Cell And Plasma

The influence of isovolemic hemodilution with 6% hetastarch [hematocrits (Hct) ranging from 43 to 20%] on cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral red blood cell and plasma volumes, total cerebral blood volume (CBV), and cerebral Hct was examined in normothermic, normocarbic, halothane-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. CBF was measured via the indicator-fractionation method ([3H]nicotine), red blood cell volume was measured using 99mTc-labeled red blood cells, while plasma volume was measured using [14C]dextran. Brain tissue was fixed in situ by microwave irradiation. All data plots (e.g., CBF vs. Hct) were fitted by linear regression methods. Hemodilution was associated with a progressive increase in forebrain CBF (from a fitted value of 78 ml.100 g-1.min-1 at Hct = 43%, to 171 ml.100 g-1.min-1 at 20%). Cerebral plasma volume also rose, while red blood cell volume decreased. Total CBV (i.e., the sum of red blood cell and plasma volumes) increased in parallel with CBF (from 2.51 ml/100 g at Hct = 43 to 4.94 ml/100 g at Hct = 20%). This increase is larger than can be explained by a simple increase in the diameter of arterial/arteriolar resistance vessels and may be due to either capillary recruitment or to an increase in the volume of postarteriolar structures. Calculated cerebral tissue hematocrit decreased. The magnitude of this decrease was larger than the reduction in arterial Hct; the ratio of cerebral to arterial Hct decreased from 0.780 at an arterial Hct equaling 43% to 0.458 at Hct equaling 20%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

CARDIORESPIRATORY STATUS OF ERYTHROBLASTOTIC NEWBORN INFANTS: II. BLOOD VOLUME, HEMATOCRIT, AND SERUM ALBUMIN CONCENTRATION IN RELATION TO HYDROPS FETALIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
R. H. Phibbs ◽  
P. Johnson ◽  
W. H. Tooley ◽  
B. Bradley Johnson ◽  
D. Sudman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Hydrops Fetalis ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Serum Albumin Concentration ◽  
Blood Volumes

We measured hematocrit and serum albumin concentration at birth and red blood cell and plasma volume soon after birth in prematurely born infants with erythroblastosis fetalis of varying severity and examined the realtionships between these variables and the presence and severity of hydrops fetalis. Blood volumes in most of these infants were similar to the established normals for newborn infants without erythroblastosis. There was no simple association between blood volume and the presence of hydrops. Nonhydropic and severely hydropic infants had, on the average, similar and normal blood volumes, while mildly hydropic infants had low blood volumes. Anemia correlated fairly well with severity of hydrops but almost a quarter of the infants with severe hydrops were only mildly anemic. Red blood cell volume decreased and plasma volume increased proportionally with the degree of anemia at birth. Thus, hydropic infants with severe anemia had large plasma volumes while those with milder anemia did not. On the other hand, hypoalbuminemia was common and correlated closely with severity of hydrops. We suggest that hydrops results at least in part from low plasma colloid osmotic pressure due to hypoalbuminemia.

Retrospective Study of 122 Dogs That Were Treated with the Antifibrinolytic Drug Aminocaproic Acid: 2010–2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Davis ◽  
Kiko Bracker
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Aminocaproic Acid ◽  
Red Blood Cell Transfusion ◽  
Antifibrinolytic Drugs ◽  
Red Blood Cell Transfusions

ABSTRACT Antifibrinolytic drugs are used to promote hemostasis and decrease the need for red blood cell transfusion. Medical records of 122 dogs that were prescribed either oral or intravenous aminocaproic acid between 2010 and 2012 were evaluated retrospectively. Of the 122 dogs, three experienced possible drug-related adverse effects. No significant differences were identified between dogs that experienced adverse effects and those that did not and the possible adverse effects noted were all minor. All dogs that received packed red blood cell transfusions were evaluated for correlations between baseline packed cell volume or dose of red blood cells and aminocaproic acid dose and no correlation was identified. Dogs that received aminocaproic acid as a treatment for active bleeding were divided by cause of hemorrhage into the following groups: neoplastic, non-neoplastic, and unknown. No significant differences in aminocaproic acid dose or the percentage of patients requiring a blood transfusion were identified between groups.

Actively circulating blood volume in endotoxin shock measured by indicator dilution

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (2) ◽  
pp. H291-H300 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Rothe ◽  
R. H. Murray ◽  
T. D. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Endotoxin Shock ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Volumes Of Distribution

To estimate the size of the actively circulating blood volume of splenectomized dogs during control conditions and after endotoxin infusion, the pattern of concentration changes of 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes and 125I-labeled albumin was monitored. A dual exponential equation was fitted to the data. The total red blood cell and albumin volumes of distribution were determined from the slow exponential disappearance curves. The active red blood cell and albumin volumes were 89.8 +/- 5.3% and 92.0 +/- 2.0% of the total volumes, respectively. After endotoxin shock (mean arterial blood pressure 49.1 +/- 17.8 mmHg) the active volumes fell to only 60.0 +/- 10.3% and 56.2 +/- 20.0% of the total volumes, respectively. The fast-mixing time constants were similar (3.1 +/- 1.4 min and 2.5 +/- 2.7 min, respectively) and did not change significantly during the endotoxin shock, indicating that the albumin tag mixed into its larger volume of distribution as rapidly as the cells mixed into their indicated volume. We conclude that 1) an active blood volume can be distinguished, 2) it decreases for both red blood cells and albumin in endotoxin shock, and 3) a major part of the "extravascular plasma volume," as estimated by albumin dilution, is in the actively circulating circulation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document