scholarly journals About the issue of the “Population and Economics” devoted to interaction of population and the economy in geographical space

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Tatyana Nefedova
Keyword(s):  
Wide Range ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Geographical Space

This issue was prepared mainly by geographers. Almost all of the articles are one way or another devoted to the role of space in the development of society, or rather, a wide range of relations between the population and the economy through space.

scholarly journals Host-microbiome coevolution promotes cooperation in a rock-paper-scissor dynamic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ohad Lewin-Epstein ◽  
Lilach Hadany
Keyword(s):  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Host Behavior ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Forms Of Life ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractCooperation is a fundamental behavior observed in all forms of life. The evolution of cooperation has been widely studied, but almost all theories focused on the cooperating individual and its genes. We suggest a different approach, taking into account the microbes carried by the interacting individuals. Accumulating evidence reveal that microbes can affect their host wellbeing and behavior, yet hosts can evolve mechanisms to resist the manipulations of their microbes. We thus propose that coevolution of microbes with their hosts may favor microbes that induce their host to cooperate. Using computational modeling, we show that microbe-induced cooperation can evolve and be maintained in a wide range of conditions, including when facing hosts’ resistance to the microbial effect. We find that host-microbe coevolution leads the population to a rock-paper-scissors dynamic, that enables maintenance of cooperation in a polymorphic state. This theory may help explain occurrences of cooperation in a wide variety of organisms, including in cases that are difficult to explain by current theories. In addition, this study provides a new perspective on the coevolution of hosts and their microbiome, emphasizing the potential role of microbes in shaping their host behavior.

Nanomaterial: A Sustainable Way to Fight against COVID-19

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atish K. Maldhure
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Causative Pathogen ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Engineering Sciences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Materials Science And Engineering ◽  
Almost All

Abstract:: Nanotechnology is multidisciplinary science which deals with physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering sciences. The applications of Nanotechnology cover almost all the branches of science and technology. In late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 virus becomes caused to infection of coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19). The outbreak of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) becomes challenge to Hospitals and laboratories, due to the large number samples comes for testing the presence of the causative pathogen. Many Scientist and researchers are devotedly working on to find out rapid immunodiagnostic methods to find positive cases. Nano based drugs offer a new therapeutic scheme against the wide range of bacterial pathogens. In this review article, I try to focus on the role of nanomaterial fighting against COVID-19.

Plant cytokinin signalling

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 13-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika A. Keshishian ◽  
Aaron M. Rashotte
Keyword(s):  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Response Regulators ◽  
Embryo Patterning ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Isopentenyl Adenine ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Crucial Part ◽  
Signalling Process

Cytokinin is an essential plant hormone that is involved in a wide range of plant growth and developmental processes which are controlled through its signalling pathway. Cytokinins are a class of molecules that are N6-substituted adenine derivatives, such as isopentenyl adenine, and trans- and cis-zeatin, which are common in most plants. The ability to perceive and respond to cytokinin occurs through a modified bacterial two-component pathway that functions via a multi-step phosphorelay. This cytokinin signalling process is a crucial part of almost all stages of plant life, from embryo patterning to apical meristem regulation, organ development and eventually senescence. The cytokinin signalling pathway involves the co-ordination of three types of proteins: histidine kinase receptors to perceive the signal, histidine phosphotransfer proteins to relay the signal, and response regulators to provide signal output. This pathway contains both positive and negative elements that function in a complex co-ordinated manner to control cytokinin-regulated plant responses. Although much is known about how this cytokinin signal is perceived and initially regulated, there are still many avenues that need to be explored before the role of cytokinin in the control of plant processes is fully understood.

scholarly journals Muramyldipeptide - based compounds in current medicine: focus on glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 122-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Ushkalova ◽  
S K Zyryanov ◽  
K E Zatolochina
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Trade Name ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Based Medicine

The role of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of almost all human diseases shown in recent decades, increase in antibiotic resistance and secondary immunodeficiency, aging of the population and widespread use of immunosuppressive drugs and procedures suggest a wider use of immunomodulators in current clinical practice, but the use of most of them limits the lack of knowledge. The most promising compounds for the development as immunomodulating agents and adjuvants for a wide range of vaccines are low molecular weight fragments of peptidoglycan - muramylpeptides. The article describes the mechanisms of action of muramylpeptides, their biological effects and properties of medicines developed on their basis. Special emphasis is placed to glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide registered in the Russian Federation under the trade name Likopid, which is currently the best - studied drug in its group. The results of Likopid studies when used as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for infections of various localization in adults and children, for oncological diseases and complications of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, psoriasis, atopic and other diseases are presented. It is emphasized that in diseases associated with human papillomavirus and plaque psoriasis, according to current criteria of evidence - based medicine, Likopid should be classified as drug with level A efficacy (high efficiency in 80-100% of patients). High safety of Likopid in adults and children, including newborns, is noted.

scholarly journals Exosomes: A Key Piece in Asthmatic Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 963
Author(s):  
José A. Cañas ◽  
José M. Rodrigo-Muñoz ◽  
Marta Gil-Martínez ◽  
Beatriz Sastre ◽  
Victoria del Pozo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spherical Structures ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Extracellular Microenvironment ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Multiple Cells ◽  
Different Sources

Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that has an important inflammatory component. Multiple cells are implicated in asthma pathogenesis (lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils), releasing a wide variety of cytokines. These cells can exert their inflammatory functions throughout extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are small vesicles released by donor cells into the extracellular microenvironment that can be taken up by recipient cells. Depending on their size, EVs can be classified as microvesicles, exosomes, or apoptotic bodies. EVs are heterogeneous spherical structures secreted by almost all cell types. One of their main functions is to act as transporters of a wide range of molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and microRNAs (miRNAs), which are single-stranded RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides in length. Therefore, exosomes could influence several physiological and pathological processes, including those involved in asthma. They can be detected in multiple cell types and biofluids, providing a wealth of information about the processes that take account in a pathological scenario. This review thus summarizes the most recent insights concerning the role of exosomes from different sources (several cell populations and biofluids) in one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases, asthma.

scholarly journals Observational Study to evaluate the role of Ultrasonography and X-Ray in Urinary Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1206-1209
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Singh ◽  
Mishra S.S. ◽  
Arun Kumar Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
Urine Analysis ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Radiological Examination ◽  
Urinary System ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical Problems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Contrast Ultrasonography ◽  
Almost All

Urinary diseases are very common in our society which system constitutes kidneys ureters urinary bladder and urethra various abnormalities occur in these organs due to many reasons like infection inflammation metabolic abnormalities neoplastic changes trauma etc. these abnormalities lead to various physical problems ending into death many times the abnormalities of urinary system can be diagnosed by hematological examination urine analysis radiological examination and histopathological examination especially radiological examination provide wide range of diagnosis of disease of urinary system of almost all origin although various radiological technique like X-ray (plain and contrast) Ultrasonography CT scan MRI and many others are available but in present study X-ray (plain and contrast ) and ultrasonography were used for diagnosis of disease of urinary system because of its easy availability and affordability the diseases of urinary system has been described under the name of Mutrakrichha and Mutraghata  in ayurveda these two conditions are in fact group of clinical entities in which urination is difficult and retention is present respectively further they are divided into various subtypes these conditions resembles clinically with various types of urinary diseases early diagnosis has been the always advocated by ayurveda by virtue of this prevention and management becomes easy in the present study written informed consent has been taken from all the patients early detection of these conditions facilitates the management otherwise renal failure may complicate the condition

scholarly journals Intangibility in intertemporal choice

2008 ◽  
Vol 363 (1511) ◽  
pp. 3813-3824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Rick ◽  
George Loewenstein
Keyword(s):  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Discounted Utility ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Realistic Representation ◽  
Productive Research ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Made In

Since the advent of the discounted utility (DU) model, economists have thought about intertemporal choice in very specific terms. DU assumes that people make explicit trade-offs between costs and benefits occurring at different points in time. While this explicit trade-off perspective is simple and tractable, and has stimulated productive research, it does not provide a very realistic representation of a wide range of the most important intertemporal trade-offs that people face in daily life. If one considers the most important and commonly discussed examples of intertemporal choices, a striking pattern emerges: in almost all cases, early outcomes tend to be concrete (e.g. purchasing this latte), but later outcomes tend to be much less tangible (e.g. the unknown item that could have been purchased later with the money spent on this latte). We propose that people rely on anticipatory emotions as a proxy for intangible outcomes when trade-offs are implicit. This paper reviews neuroeconomic evidence that has begun to elucidate the role of anticipatory emotions in decisions involving intangible outcomes. Although most progress has been made in the domain of spending and saving, we discuss how the existing neuroeconomic research could be extended to other domains where trade-offs are ill defined.

scholarly journals Silencing of the Baculovirus Op-iap3 Gene by RNA Interference Reveals that It Is Required for Prevention of Apoptosis during Orgyia pseudotsugata M Nucleopolyhedrovirus Infection of Ld652Y Cells

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 4481-4488 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Means ◽  
Israel Muro ◽  
Rollie J. Clem
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Orgyia Pseudotsugata ◽  
Baculovirus Gene ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Rnai Technique ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT The Op-iap3 gene from the baculovirus Orgyia pseudotsugata M nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpMNPV) inhibits apoptosis induced by a mutant of Autographa californica MNPV (AcMNPV) that lacks the antiapoptotic gene p35, as well as apoptosis induced by a wide range of other stimuli in both mammalian and insect cells. However, the role of Op-iap3 during OpMNPV infection has not been previously examined. To determine the function of the Op-IAP3 protein during OpMNPV infection, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to silence Op-iap3 expression during OpMNPV infection of Ld652Y cells. Infected cells treated with Op-iap3 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) did not accumulate detectable Op-iap3 mRNA, confirming that the Op-iap3 gene was effectively silenced. Op-IAP3 protein was found to be a component of the budded virion; however, in OpMNPV-infected cells treated with Op-iap3 dsRNA, the Op-IAP3 protein that was introduced by the inoculum virus decreased to almost undetectable levels by 12 h after dsRNA addition. Apoptosis was observed in infected cells treated with Op-iap3 dsRNA beginning at 12 h, and by 48 h, almost all of the cells had undergone apoptosis. These results show for the first time that Op-IAP3 is necessary to prevent apoptosis during OpMNPV infection. In addition, our results demonstrate that the RNAi technique can be an effective tool for studying baculovirus gene function.

scholarly journals Host–microbiome coevolution can promote cooperation in a rock–paper–scissors dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1920) ◽  
pp. 20192754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ohad Lewin-Epstein ◽  
Lilach Hadany
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Forms Of Life ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Almost All

Cooperation is a fundamental behaviour observed in all forms of life. The evolution of cooperation has been widely studied, but almost all theories focused on the cooperating individual and its genes. We suggest a different approach, taking into account the microbes carried by the interacting individuals. Accumulating evidence reveals that microbes can affect their host's well-being and behaviour, yet hosts can evolve mechanisms to resist the manipulations of their microbes. We thus propose that coevolution of microbes with their hosts may favour microbes that induce their host to cooperate. Using computational modelling, we show that microbe-induced cooperation can evolve and be maintained in a wide range of conditions, including when facing hosts' resistance to the microbial effect. We find that host–microbe coevolution leads the population to a rock–paper–scissors dynamics that enables maintenance of cooperation in a polymorphic state. Our results suggest a mechanism for the evolution and maintenance of cooperation that may be relevant to a wide variety of organisms, including cases that are difficult to explain by current theories. This study provides a new perspective on the coevolution of hosts and their microbiome, emphasizing the potential role of microbes in shaping their host's behaviour.

scholarly journals Geographical space as a mediator between population and economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Andrey I. Trеivish
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Spatial Mobility ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Geographical Space

The article covers a wide range of relations between the population and the economy through space (their spatial relations). The dynamics of quantitative proportions between the number of inhabitants, the volume of gross product and the size of the territory of the countries of the world and Russian regions are analyzed. Changes in the composition of the economy and population, production and consumption under globalization and post-industrial development, and their geographical effects, are revealed, including those in Russia. It is recognized, in particular, that the geography of society is today less dependent on fixed capital and more on the human capital. A distinction is made between types of activities by their demand for space with its resources and between types of places according to their supply. The role of space as an integrator or disintegrator of social phenomena, in terms of its accessibility is investigated. A review of some issues related to the growth of spatial mobility of people and property, flows and territorial shifts is carried out. The social value of mobility and its role in overcoming spatial barriers is shown.

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