scholarly journals Host-microbiome coevolution promotes cooperation in a rock-paper-scissor dynamic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ohad Lewin-Epstein ◽  
Lilach Hadany
Keyword(s):  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Host Behavior ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Forms Of Life ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractCooperation is a fundamental behavior observed in all forms of life. The evolution of cooperation has been widely studied, but almost all theories focused on the cooperating individual and its genes. We suggest a different approach, taking into account the microbes carried by the interacting individuals. Accumulating evidence reveal that microbes can affect their host wellbeing and behavior, yet hosts can evolve mechanisms to resist the manipulations of their microbes. We thus propose that coevolution of microbes with their hosts may favor microbes that induce their host to cooperate. Using computational modeling, we show that microbe-induced cooperation can evolve and be maintained in a wide range of conditions, including when facing hosts’ resistance to the microbial effect. We find that host-microbe coevolution leads the population to a rock-paper-scissors dynamic, that enables maintenance of cooperation in a polymorphic state. This theory may help explain occurrences of cooperation in a wide variety of organisms, including in cases that are difficult to explain by current theories. In addition, this study provides a new perspective on the coevolution of hosts and their microbiome, emphasizing the potential role of microbes in shaping their host behavior.

scholarly journals Host–microbiome coevolution can promote cooperation in a rock–paper–scissors dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1920) ◽  
pp. 20192754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ohad Lewin-Epstein ◽  
Lilach Hadany
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Forms Of Life ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Almost All

Cooperation is a fundamental behaviour observed in all forms of life. The evolution of cooperation has been widely studied, but almost all theories focused on the cooperating individual and its genes. We suggest a different approach, taking into account the microbes carried by the interacting individuals. Accumulating evidence reveals that microbes can affect their host's well-being and behaviour, yet hosts can evolve mechanisms to resist the manipulations of their microbes. We thus propose that coevolution of microbes with their hosts may favour microbes that induce their host to cooperate. Using computational modelling, we show that microbe-induced cooperation can evolve and be maintained in a wide range of conditions, including when facing hosts' resistance to the microbial effect. We find that host–microbe coevolution leads the population to a rock–paper–scissors dynamics that enables maintenance of cooperation in a polymorphic state. Our results suggest a mechanism for the evolution and maintenance of cooperation that may be relevant to a wide variety of organisms, including cases that are difficult to explain by current theories. This study provides a new perspective on the coevolution of hosts and their microbiome, emphasizing the potential role of microbes in shaping their host's behaviour.

Tickets for the Inclusive Museum

2020 ◽  
pp. 390-406
Author(s):  
Magda Nikolaraizi ◽  
Charikleia Kanari ◽  
Marc Marschark
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Learning Experiences ◽  
Learning Needs ◽  
Participatory Learning ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Right ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
And Behavior

In recent years, museums of various kinds have broadened their mission and made systematic efforts to develop a dynamic role in learning by offering a wide range of less formal experiences for individuals with diverse characteristics, including individuals who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH). Despite the worthwhile efforts, in the case of DHH individuals, museums frequently neglect to consider their unique communication, cognitive, cultural, and learning characteristics, thus limiting their access and opportunities for fully experiencing what museums have to offer. This chapter examines the potential for creating accessible museum environments and methods that reflect an understanding of the diverse communication, cognitive, cultural, and learning needs of DHH visitors, all of which enhance their access and participation in the museum activities. The role of the physical features of museum spaces for the access and behavior of DHH visitors is emphasized, together with attention to exhibition methods and the communication and cognitive challenges that need to be considered so DHH visitors can get the maximum benefit. The chapter emphasizes the right of individuals who are DHH to nonformal learning and analyzes how museums could become more accessible to DHH individuals by designing, from the beginning, participatory learning experiences that address their diverse needs.

Analysis of the mechanism(s) of metaphase I arrest in strain LT mouse oocytes: participation of MOS

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (24) ◽  
pp. 5107-5113
Author(s):  
Y. Hirao ◽  
J.J. Eppig
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Null Mutation ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Cytostatic Factor ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Dependent Mechanism ◽  
Metaphase I

Oocytes of almost all vertebrates become arrested at metaphase II to await fertilization. Arrest is achieved with the participation of a protein complex known as cytostatic factor (CSF) that stabilizes histone H1 kinase activity. MOS and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are important components of CSF. Strain LT/Sv mice, and strains related to LT/Sv, produce a high percentage of atypical oocytes that are arrested at metaphase I when normal oocytes have progressed to metaphase II. The potential role of MOS in metaphase I arrest was investigated using strain LT/Sv and LT-related recombinant inbred strains, LTXBO and CX8-4. MOS and MAPK are produced and functional in maturing LT oocytes. Two experimental paradigms were used to reduce or delete MOS in LT oocytes and assess effects on metaphase I arrest. First, sense and antisense Mos oligonucleotides were microinjected into metaphase I-arrested oocytes. Antisense, but not sense, Mos oligonucleotides promoted the activation of metaphase I-arrested oocytes. Second, mice carrying a Mos null mutation were crossed with LT mice, the null mutation was backcrossed three times to LT mice, and Mos(+/−) N3 mice were intercrossed to produce Mos(−/−), Mos(+/−) and Mos(+/+) N3F1 mice. Oocytes of all three Mos genotypes of N3F1 mice sustained meiotic arrest for 17 hours indicating that metaphase I arrest is not initiated by a MOS-dependent mechanism. However, unlike Mos(+/+) and Mos(+/−) CX8-4 N3F1 oocytes, metaphase I arrest of Mos(−/−) CX8-4 N3F1 oocytes was not sustained after 17 hours and became reversed gradually. These results, like the antisense Mos oligonucleotide microinjection experiments, suggest that MOS participates in sustaining metaphase I arrest in LT oocytes.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in Feral Birds and their Potential Role in Interspecies Transmission

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziz-ul- Rahman ◽  
Momena Habib ◽  
Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Phylogenomic Analysis ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Domestic Poultry ◽  
Wide Range

Introduction:Newcastle Disease (ND), caused by Avian avulavirus 1 (AAvV 1, avulaviruses), is a notifiable disease throughout the world due to the economic impact on trading restrictions and its embargoes placed in endemic regions. The feral birds including aquatic/migratory birds and other wild birds may act as natural reservoir hosts of ND Viruses (NDVs) and may play a remarkable role in the spread of the virus in environment. In addition, other 19 avulaviruses namely: AAvV 2 to 20, have been potentially recognized from feral avian species.Expalantion:Many previous studies have investigated the field prevailing NDVs to adapt a wide range of susceptible host. Still the available data is not enough to declare the potential role of feral birds in transmission of the virus to poultry and/or other avian birds. In view of the latest evidence related to incidences of AAvVs in susceptible avian species, it is increasingly important to understand the potential of viruses to transmit within the domestic poultry and other avian hosts. Genomic and phylogenomic analysis of several investigations has shown the same (RK/RQRR↓F) motif cleavage site among NDV isolates with same genotypes from domestic poultry and other wild hosts. So, the insight of this, various semi-captive/free-ranging wild avian species could play a vital role in the dissemination of the virus, which is an important consideration to control the disease outbreaks. Insufficient data on AAvV 1 transmission from wild birds to poultry and vice versa is the main constraint to understand about its molecular biology and genomic potential to cause infection in all susceptible hosts.Conclusion:The current review details the pertinent features of several historical and contemporary aspects of NDVs and the vital role of feral birds in its molecular epidemiology and ecology.

scholarly journals Autophagy is activated in the ovarian tissue of polycystic ovary syndrome

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Li ◽  
Yue You ◽  
Fang-Fang Bi ◽  
Tie-Ning Zhang ◽  
Jiao Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Response To Stress

The importance of autophagy in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-related metabolic disorders is increasingly being recognized, but few studies have investigated the role of autophagy in PCOS. Here, transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that autophagy was enhanced in the ovarian tissue from both humans and rats with PCOS. Consistent with this, ovarian granulosa cells from PCOS rats showed increases in the autophagy marker protein light chain 3B (LC3B), whereas levels of the autophagy substrate SQSTM1/p62 were decreased. In addition, the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I was markedly elevated in human PCOS ovarian tissue compared with normal ovarian tissue. Real-time PCR arrays indicated that 7 and 34 autophagy-related genes were down- and up-regulated in human PCOS , Signal-Net, and regression analysis suggested that there are a wide range of interactions among these 41 genes, and a potential network based on EGFR, ERBB2, FOXO1, MAPK1, NFKB1, IGF1, TP53 and MAPK9 may be responsible for autophagy activation in PCOS. Systematic functional analysis of 41 differential autophagy-related genes indicated that these genes are highly involved in specific cellular processes such as response to stress and stimulus, and are linked to four significant pathways, including the insulin, ERBB, mTOR signaling pathways and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. This study provides evidence for a potential role of autophagy disorders in PCOS in which autophagy may be an important molecular event in the pathogenesis of PCOS.

Users’ Attitudes towards Institutional Repository in Jadavpur University: A Critical Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Sambhu Nath Halder ◽  
Suvra Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Academic Institution ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Institutional Repository ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Institutional Repositories ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
User Friendly

This paper examines the user-aware of institutional repositories in Jadavpur University. The main objective of this study is to investigate the awareness of Institutional Repository (IR) in an academic institution and different aspects associated with it, such as, software, sources for user’s awareness, motivators for developing a repository, demand of the users in changing paradigms from traditional to digital environment, etc. In the present days, libraries are also adopting the latest technologies to provide best possible services in user friendly form. This paper also describes the potential role of institutional repositories and its easiness and simplicity of use are attracting more patrons in the use of institutional repositories. Only a wide range of user awareness is needed for proper usage of its beauty. Entirely this paper is based on a critical study, which measures the utility of institutional repositories in users’ point of view.

John Locke on Custom's Power and Reason's Authority

2012 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth W. Grant
Keyword(s):  
John Locke ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Intellectual Independence

AbstractLocke stresses the power of custom in shaping opinion and behavior, though this aspect of his thought has been underappreciated. Recognizing its importance raises critical issues, particularly the relation between custom and reason and the role of authoritative custom in supporting political and social power. Locke explains in detail the various psychological and sociological mechanisms by which the power of custom is manifested; but he nonetheless consistently and emphatically rejects its authority. Instead, Locke is a champion of the authority of reason. Because custom is powerful, but reason is authoritative, Locke attempts to enlist the power of custom in the service of reason and of reasonable politics, and because custom is powerful and its impact unavoidable, individual intellectual independence cannot mean being without cultural prejudices. At best, it means the ability to gain some critical distance from them. These observations place Locke's relation to the Enlightenment in a new perspective.

Aortic Valve Sinus Vorticity Dynamics and the Potential Role of Coronary Flow

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon L. Moore ◽  
Lakshmi P. Dasi
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Coronary Flow ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Calcific Aortic Valve Disease ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vorticity Dynamics ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Fluid Wall Shear Stress

Calcific aortic valve disease affects a wide range of the population in the United States. Each year there are approximately 50,000 valve replacements due to this disease [(Freeman & Otto, 2005)]. While it is unclear what the exact causes of CAVD are, it does appear to be correlated to local hemodynamic conditions particularly related to the complex spatio-temporal nature of fluid wall shear stress dynamics that the aortic side of the leaflets experience.

Reflections on the Role of Control in Meditation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deane H. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Belief Systems ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Western Psychology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Being There ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Instrumental Control

Spiritual, religious, and secular traditions emphasize the importance of control over one’s thoughts, feelings and behavior, and the relevance of meditation in achieving this control. Meditation practices, in particular, can be understood as one strategy amongst others for achieving self-regulation. While the main focus in Western psychology has been on active instrumental control, other traditions have emphasized the importance of a more accepting/yielding mode of control. This chapter distinguishes between different forms of control and how some of these may be enhanced by meditation practices. While over-control and passive resignation can have negative consequences for a person’s well-being, there is evidence for the beneficial role of the active/assertive and positive accepting/yielding modes of control. Selecting the most appropriate meditation strategy for a particular person is dependent upon a wide range of factors, including the person’s control profile, their sensory orientation, and their belief systems. The chapter concludes with the description of the author’s personal journey in exploring meditation and theories and practices of control—and a note of gratitude.

scholarly journals Motor primitives in space and time via targeted gain modulation in cortical networks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake P. Stroud ◽  
Mason A. Porter ◽  
Guillaume Hennequin ◽  
Tim P. Vogels
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Network ◽  
Learning Rule ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Control Units ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Perspective

AbstractMotor cortex (M1) exhibits a rich repertoire of activities to support the generation of complex movements. Although recent neuronal-network models capture many qualitative aspects of M1 dynamics, they can generate only a few distinct movements. Additionally, it is unclear how M1 efficiently controls movements over a wide range of shapes and speeds. We demonstrate that simple modulation of neuronal input–output gains in recurrent neuronal-network models with fixed architecture can dramatically reorganize neuronal activity and thus downstream muscle outputs. Consistent with the observation of diffuse neuromodulatory projections to M1, we show that a relatively small number of modulatory control units provide sufficient flexibility to adjust high-dimensional network activity using a simple reward-based learning rule. Furthermore, it is possible to assemble novel movements from previously learned primitives, and one can separately change movement speed while preserving movement shape. Our results provide a new perspective on the role of modulatory systems in controlling recurrent cortical activity.

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