scholarly journals Eurytoma serratulae and E. robusta (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae): complementary host exploitation strategies of coexisting parasitoids and their impact on the host Urophora cardui

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 47-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Zwölfer ◽  
Marc Böheim ◽  
Erwin Beck
Keyword(s):  
Host Exploitation

scholarly journals The metabolic costs of fighting and host exploitation in a seed-drilling parasitic wasp

2017 ◽  
Vol 220 (21) ◽  
pp. 3955-3966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain P. Boisseau ◽  
H. Arthur Woods ◽  
Marlène Goubault
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Metabolic Costs ◽  
Host Exploitation

scholarly journals Social Bacteriophages

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Pilar Domingo-Calap ◽  
Lucas Mora-Quilis ◽  
Rafael Sanjuán
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Evolution Theory ◽  
Superinfection Exclusion ◽  
Key Population ◽  
Viral Product ◽  
Host Exploitation

Despite their simplicity, viruses can display social-like interactions such as cooperation, communication, and cheating. Focusing on bacteriophages, here we review features including viral product sharing, cooperative evasion of antiviral defenses, prudent host exploitation, superinfection exclusion, and inter-phage peptide-mediated signaling. We argue that, in order to achieve a better understanding of these processes, their mechanisms of action need to be considered in the context of social evolution theory, paying special attention to key population-level factors such as genetic relatedness and spatial structure.

scholarly journals Hooked on you: shape of attachment structures in cymothoid isopods reflects parasitic strategy

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Baillie ◽  
Rachel L. Welicky ◽  
Kerry A. Hadfield ◽  
Nico J. Smit ◽  
Stefano Mariani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Parasite Ecology ◽  
Attachment Structures ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Shared Ancestry ◽  
Host Exploitation

Abstract Background Parasite attachment structures are critical traits that influence effective host exploitation and survival. Morphology of attachment structures can reinforce host specificity and niche specialisation, or even enable host switching. Therefore, it is important to understand the determinants of variation in attachment structures. Cymothoid isopods are striking ectoparasites of fishes that include the infamous ‘tongue-biters.’ They are known to parasitise hosts in one of four qualitatively distinct anatomical regions. Here, we quantify variation in cymothoid attachment structures — hook-like appendages called dactyli — and test whether differences in dactylus shape are correlated with parasite mode (where they attach), allometry, or both, using multivariate ordinary least squares regression. We also assess the influence of shared ancestry on shape using a molecular phylogeny to weight our models using phylogenetic generalised least squares regression. Results We find clear differences in shape between externally-attaching and internally-attaching cymothoids but also between anterior and posterior dactyli across various species with the same attachment mode. Allometric effects are significant for anterior but not posterior dactyli. Mouth-attaching species show greater shape variability than gill- and mouth-attaching species. We find no evidence that there are clade-specific patterns of association between parasite mode and dactylus shape. Conclusions Parasite mode appears to be the main driver of attachment morphology. This likely reflects several components of parasite ecology including feeding and functional demands of attachment in different microhabitats. Geometric morphometric approaches to the quantification of shape variation of simple structures is an effective tool that provides new insights into the evolvability of parasite attachment.

scholarly journals Plasma Membrane-Located Purine Nucleotide Transport Proteins Are Key Components for Host Exploitation by Microsporidian Intracellular Parasites

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e1004547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Heinz ◽  
Christian Hacker ◽  
Paul Dean ◽  
John Mifsud ◽  
Alina V. Goldberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Transport Proteins ◽  
Purine Nucleotide ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Host Exploitation

HOST EXPLOITATION OF TWO CLOSELY RELATED WATER MITES

Evolution ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodger Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Water Mites ◽  
Host Exploitation

scholarly journals Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (S1) ◽  
pp. S6-S15 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT POULIN ◽  
HASEEB S. RANDHAWA
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Genome Reduction ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Parasitic Mode ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Parasitic Castrator ◽  
Host Exploitation

SUMMARYFrom hundreds of independent transitions from a free-living existence to a parasitic mode of life, separate parasite lineages have converged over evolutionary time to share traits and exploit their hosts in similar ways. Here, we first summarize the evidence that, at a phenotypic level, eukaryotic parasite lineages have all converged toward only six general parasitic strategies: parasitoid, parasitic castrator, directly transmitted parasite, trophically transmitted parasite, vector-transmitted parasite or micropredator. We argue that these strategies represent adaptive peaks, with the similarities among unrelated taxa within any strategy extending to all basic aspects of host exploitation and transmission among hosts and transcending phylogenetic boundaries. Then, we extend our examination of convergent patterns by looking at the evolution of parasite genomes. Despite the limited taxonomic coverage of sequenced parasite genomes currently available, we find some evidence of parallel evolution among unrelated parasite taxa with respect to genome reduction or compaction, and gene losses or gains. Matching such changes in parasite genomes with the broad phenotypic traits that define the convergence of parasites toward only six strategies of host exploitation is not possible at present. Nevertheless, as more parasite genomes become available, we may be able to detect clear trends in the evolution of parasitic genome architectures representing true convergent adaptive peaks, the genomic equivalents of the phenotypic strategies used by all parasites.

Bacterial-Host Exploitation

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (164) ◽  
pp. ec79-ec79
Author(s):  
S. M. Hurtley
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Host ◽  
Host Exploitation
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