Survey of Natural and Social Scientists and Engineers (SSE), 1989

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (141) ◽  
pp. 30-59
Author(s):  
Sarah Nelson

Abstract International news, and the technological infrastructures required to collect, distribute, and publish it, have long been battlegrounds of imperial ambition and anticolonial contestation. In the early 1960s, press professionals, engineers, and telecom officials from the global South elaborated a wide-ranging structural critique of the status quo, arguing that developing mass media required decolonizing international networks and global governance practices that perpetuated media inequality. But over the course of the decade, UNESCO began to invite research and expertise from American social scientists and engineers, who came to define UNESCO’s approach to satellite-based media development. By redefining the scope of media development to an instrumentalist vision of Westernization, such research eclipsed a broad, structural vision of reform, casting southern experts’ more radical designs into shadow. By recovering this history, the article tells a new story of the ideologies and governance practices that helped sustain global news inequality in the satellite age.


1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Tang

This study examines the process of self-employment among scientists and engineers from 1982 to 1989. I use data from the Surveys of the Natural and Social Scientists and Engineers to investigate the effects of race, nativity, and recency of arrival on the “entry to” and “persistence in” self-employment. The analysis shows that native-born Asians and blacks with paid employment are less likely than comparable native-born whites to enter self-employment, while the opposite is true for post-1965 white immigrants. Among the self-employed, compared to native-born whites, post-1965 white immigrants have a higher tendency to remain in self-employment, and blacks are less likely to persist in self-employment. There is no significant difference between Asian immigrants and native-born whites in the likelihood of entering or staying in self-employment. The results are inconsistent with the opportunity structure approach and the cultural theory, but they provide some support for the “dual” discrimination hypothesis. Alternative interpretations are discussed in light of these findings.


Ingeniería ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
David Anzola

Context: The concept of self-organization plays a major role in contemporary complexity science. Yet, the current framework for the study of self-organization is only able to capture some of the nuances of complex social self-organizing phenomena.Method: This article addresses some of the problematic elements in the study of social selforganization. For this purpose, it focuses on pattern formation, a feature of self-organizing phenomena that is common across definitions. The analysis is carried out through three main questions: where can we find these patterns, what are these patterns and how can we study these patterns.Results: The discussion shows that there is a high level of specificity in social self-organized phenomena that is not adequately addressed by the current complexity framework. It argues that some elements are neglected by this framework because they are relatively exclusive to social science; others, because of the relative novelty of social complexity.Conclusions: It is suggested that interdisciplinary collaboration between social scientists and complexity scientists and engineers is needed, in order to overcome traditional disciplinary limitations in the study of social self-organized phenomena.


2020 ◽  
pp. 146144482097572
Author(s):  
Mayya Azarova ◽  
Michael Hazoglou ◽  
Eliah Aronoff-Spencer

New digital technologies for team communication have changed how people work and solve complex problems. Now, millions of people use Online Collaborative Software (OCS) daily, exchanging messages and files in diverse contexts. This article presents a case study of teamwork through the lens of a popular OCS called Slack. Slack was used by a multidisciplinary academic team of designers, social scientists, and engineers working on new biomedical technology. In this work, we investigate whether activity in Slack mirrors social interactions and project progress. We compare team activity in Slack: frequencies of public messages, replies, explicit mentions, membership changes to the 18-month ethnography of the team offline. Our analysis shows team engagement around important project milestones, correlation of meeting attendance, and activity in online public discussions. We visualize the team’s multidisciplinary collaboration throughout the project and discuss the limitations of technology to reflect team interactions.


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