scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility and serovars of Salmonella from chickens and humans in Ibadan, Nigeria

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (08) ◽  
pp. 484-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayode Fashae ◽  
Folasade Ogunsola ◽  
Frank M Aarestrup ◽  
Rene S Hendriksen
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

Background: This study determines the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella serovars from humans and chickens in Ibadan, Nigeria, in 2004-2007. Methodology: A total of 991 blood samples were collected from patients in 2004 to 2005 and 641 fecal samples were collected from poultry farms in 2007. All Salmonella isolates were serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Results: Thirty-nine (4%) Salmonella isolates were obtained from human blood and 70 (11%) from chicken fecal samples. The human isolates revealed nine different serovars; 82% were non-typhoidal Salmonella and 18% were (S. Typhi). The majority of serovars from humans were S. Enteritidis (33%), S. Dublin (18%), and S. Typhimurium (18%). Resistance to chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ampicillin ranged from 36% to 59% for the human isolates. Eight different serovars were obtained from chickens; S. Virchow (71%) predominated. A high frequency (87%) of reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was observed among the chicken isolates. A high frequency of resistance to tetracycline (93%), nalidixic acid (81%), and sulfamethoxazole (87%) was observed. Rare serovars such as S. Apapa, S. Mouschaui, S. Jukestown, S. Oritamerin, and S. Onireke were isolated from both humans and chickens. Identical serovars were not found among human and chicken isolates. Conclusions: This study indicates that chickens are not a reservoir of Salmonella causing bacteraemia among humans in Ibadan, Nigeria. Studies locating the reservoirs responsible for invasive salmonellosis in humans are needed. Controls and targeted interventions against S. Virchow and the frequent occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in chickens should be initiated to prevent the spread of this serovar.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Canadian Isolates ofHelicobacter pyloriin Northeastern Ontario

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson F Eng ◽  
Gustavo Ybazeta ◽  
Katrina Chapman ◽  
Nya L Fraleigh ◽  
Rebecca Letto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
23S Ribosomal Rna

BACKGROUND:Helicobacter pyloriplays a significant role in gastritis and ulcers. It is a carcinogen as defined by the WHO, and infection can result in adenocarcinomas and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. In Canada, rates of antimicrobial resistance are relatively unknown, with very few studies conducted in the past 15 years.OBJECTIVE: To examine rates of resistance in Sudbury, Ontario, compare antimicrobial susceptibility methods and attempt to determine the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance.METHODS: Patients attending scheduled visits at Health Sciences North (Sudbury, Ontario) provided gastric biopsy samples on a volunteer basis. In total, 20H pyloriisolates were collected, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (on amoxicillin, tetracycline, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and clarithromycin) was conducted using disk diffusion and E-test methods. Subsequently, genomic DNA from these isolates was sequenced to detect mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance.RESULTS: Sixty-five percent of the isolates were found to be resistant to at least one of the listed antibiotics according to E-test. Three isolates were found to be resistant to ≥3 of the above-mentioned antibiotics. Notably, 25% of the isolates were found to be resistant to both metronidazole and clarithromycin, two antibiotics that are normally prescribed as part of first-line regimens in the treatment ofH pyloriinfections in Canada and most of the world. Among the resistant strains, the sequences of 23S ribosomal RNA andgyrA, which are linked to clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin resistance, respectively, revealed the presence of known point mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance.CONCLUSIONS: In general, resistance to metronidazole, ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin and clarithromycin has increased since the studies in the early 2000s. These results suggest that surveillance programs ofH pyloriantibiotic resistance may need to be revisited or improved to prevent antimicrobial therapy failure.

scholarly journals High Frequency of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Sewage and Fecal Samples of Healthy Carriers

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fakhri Haghi ◽  
Neda Shirmohammadlou ◽  
Rabab Bagheri ◽  
Sama Jamali ◽  
Habib Zeighami
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Healthy Carriers

Objectives:Enterococci are part of the microbial flora of the gastrointestinal tract of animals and human and can be released into the environment through fecal materials. These microorganisms play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) have been obtained in municipal sewage, hospital and agricultural wastes and healthy carriers. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of VRE in sewage and fecal samples of healthy carriers.Methods:This study was performed on fecal specimens of 100 healthy carriers and 100 samples of sewage in Zanjan Province. Fecal and sewage samples were cultured on Trypticase Soy Agar and biochemical tests were performed for Enterococci identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed as CLSI guidelines and vancomycin resistance was determined using the agar dilution method.Result:Of 200 cultured samples, 141 isolates of Enterococci were detected. 64 isolates were detected from fecal and 77 were isolated from the sewage samples. Antibiotic resistance profile of fecal isolates was as follows: tetracycline (57.8%), ciprofloxacin (54.7%), phosphomycin (54.7%), erythromycin (51.5%), chloramphenicol (12.5%), amoxicillin (21.8%) and gatifloxacin (23.5%). Also for the sewage samples, the most antibiotic resistance was detected against ciprofloxacin (76.6%) followed by tetracycline (74%), erythromycin (68.8%), phosphomycin (61%). According to Agar dilution method, among 141 isolates of Enterococci, 15 (10.6%) isolates were vancomycin resistant: 11 of sewage isolates (14.3%) and 4 of the carrier isolates (6.2%).Conclusion:Our study describes the high frequency of VRE in municipal sewage and healthy carriers. Regarding the importance of VRE strains in the clinical and environment, it seems necessary to follow up on the issue.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility, multilocus sequence typing, and virulence of listeria isolated from a slaughterhouse in Jiangsu, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liting Wu ◽  
Hongduo Bao ◽  
Zhengquan Yang ◽  
Tao He ◽  
Yuan Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Processing Plants

Abstract Background Listeria monocytogenes is one of the deadliest foodborne pathogens. The bacterium can tolerate severe environments through biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance genes, virulence, and molecular epidemiology about Listeria from meat processing environments. Methods This study evaluated the antibiotic resistance and virulence of Listeria isolates from slaughtering and processing plants. All isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using a standard microbroth dilution method. The harboring of resistant genes was identified by polymerase chain reaction. The multilocus sequence typing was used to determine the subtyping of the isolates and characterize possible routes of contamination from meat processing environments. The virulence of different STs of L. monocytogenes isolates was evaluated using a Caco-2 cell invasion assay. Results A total of 59 Listeria isolates were identified from 320 samples, including 37 L. monocytogenes isolates (62.71%). This study evaluated the virulence of L. monocytogenes and the antibiotic resistance of Listeria isolates from slaughtering and processing plants. The susceptibility of these 59 isolates against 8 antibiotics was analyzed, and the resistance levels to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and lincomycin were as high as 98.31% (L. m 37; L. innocua 7; L. welshimeri 14), 96.61% (L. m 36; L. innocua 7; L. welshimeri 14), and 93.22% (L. m 35; L. innocua 7; L. welshimeri 13), respectively. More than 90% of the isolates were resistant to three to six antibiotics, indicating that Listeria isolated from meat processing environments had high antimicrobial resistance. Up to 60% of the isolates harbored the tetracycline-resistance genes tetA and tetM. The frequency of ermA, ermB, ermC, and aac(6′)-Ib was 16.95, 13.56, 15.25, and 6.78%, respectively. Notably, the resistant phenotype and genotype did not match exactly, suggesting that the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of these isolates were likely related to the processing environment. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that 59 Listeria isolates were grouped into 10 sequence types (STs). The dominant L. monocytogenes STs were ST5, ST9, and ST121 in the slaughtering and processing plant of Jiangsu province. Moreover, ST5 subtypes exhibited high invasion in Caco-2 cells compared with ST9 and ST121 cells. Conclusion The dominant L. monocytogenes ST5 persisted in the slaughtering and processing plant and had high antimicrobial resistance and invasion characteristics, illustrating a potential risk in food safety and human health.

scholarly journals Persistence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky from poultry and poultry sources in Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim A Raufu ◽  
Kayode Fashae ◽  
James A Ameh ◽  
AbdulGaniyu Ambali ◽  
Folashade T Ogunsola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Pfge Cluster

Introduction: This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance and clonality of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky in poultry and poultry sources in Nigeria, and compared the isolates with the clone of S. Kentucky STI98-X1 CIPR using (PFGE) and (MIC). Methodology: Fecal samples from chickens and poultry sources (litter, water, rodent and lizard fecal samples) were collected from  fourteen (14) poultry farms in 2007, 2010 and 2011 and were analyzed for S. Kentucky. Results and conclusions: Six percent of the samples were positive for S. Kentucky – all resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. The isolates are grouped within the PFGE cluster X1 of S. Kentucky STI98 CIPR, indicating the association to the emerging and widely spread CIPR S. Kentucky clone with poultry and poultry sources.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Multilocus Sequence Typing, and Virulence of Listeria Isolated From A Slaughterhouse

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liting Wu ◽  
Hongduo Bao ◽  
Zhengquan Yang ◽  
Tao He ◽  
Yuan Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Processing Plants

Abstract Background: Listeria monocytogenes is one of the deadliest foodborne pathogens, and the bacterium can tolerate severe environments through biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance genes,virulence and molecular epidemiology about Listeria from meat processing environments. Methods: This study evaluated the antibiotic resistance and virulence of Listeria isolates from slaughtering and processing plants. All isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by using a standard microbroth dilution method. The carrying of resistant genes were identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was determined subtyping of the isolates and to characterize possible routes of contamination from meat processing environments. The virulence of different STs of L. monocytogenes isolates were evaluated by Caco-2 cells invasion assay. Results: A total of 59 Listeria isolates were identified from 320 samples, including 37 L. monocytogenes (62.71%). This study evaluated the virulence of L. monocytogenes and antibiotic resistance of Listeria isolates from slaughtering and processing plants. The susceptibility of these 59 isolates against eight antibiotics was analyzed, and the resistance levels to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and lincomycin were as high as 98.31% (L. m 37; L. innocua 7; L. welshimeri 14), 96.61% (L. m 36; L. innocua 7; L. welshimeri 14), and 93.22% (L. m 35; L. innocua 7; L. welshimeri 13) respectively. Over 90% of the isolates were resistant to 3-6 antibiotics, indicating that Listeria isolated from meat processing environments has high antimicrobial resistance. Up to 60% of the isolates carried the tetracycline-resistance genes tetA and tetM. The frequencies of ermA, ermB, ermC, and aac(6’)-Ib were 16.95%, 13.56%, 15.25%, and 6.78%, respectively. Notably, the resistant phenotype and genotype did not match exactly, suggesting that the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of these isolates were likely related to the processing environment. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that 59 Listeria isolates were grouped into 10 sequence types (STs). The dominant L. monocytogenes STs were ST5, ST9, and ST121 in the slaughtering and processing plant of Jiangsu province. Moreover, ST5 subtypes exhibited high invasion in Caco-2 cells compared with ST9 and ST121. Conclusions: The results of this study predict a prevalence of Listeria contamination in the slaughtering and processing plant , and resistance of the ST5 subtypes isolates to the antimicrobials may cause potential public health risks.

scholarly journals Machine Learning for Antibiotic Resistance Prediction: A Prototype Using Off-the-Shelf Techniques and Entry-Level Data to Guide Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
Georgios Feretzakis ◽  
Aikaterini Sakagianni ◽  
Evangelos Loupelis ◽  
Dimitris Kalles ◽  
Nikoletta Skarmoutsou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Ensemble Technique

Objectives: In the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, the need for early identification and prompt treatment of multi-drug-resistant infections is crucial for achieving favorable outcomes in critically ill patients. As traditional microbiological susceptibility testing requires at least 24 hours, automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques could be used as clinical decision support tools to predict antimicrobial resistance and select appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment.Methods: An antimicrobial susceptibility dataset of 11,496 instances from 499 patients admitted to the internal medicine wards of a public hospital in Greece was processed by using Microsoft Azure AutoML to evaluate antibiotic susceptibility predictions using patients’ simple demographic characteristics, as well as previous antibiotic susceptibility testing, without any concomitant clinical data. Furthermore, the balanced dataset was also processed using the same procedure. The datasets contained the attributes of sex, age, sample type, Gram stain, 44 antimicrobial substances, and the antibiotic susceptibility results.Results: The stack ensemble technique achieved the best results in the original and balanced dataset with an area under the curve-weighted metric of 0.822 and 0.850, respectively.Conclusions: Implementation of AutoML for antimicrobial susceptibility data can provide clinicians useful information regarding possible antibiotic resistance and aid them in selecting appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy by taking into consideration the local antimicrobial resistance ecosystem.

Antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial strains Staphylococcus aureus isolates from surgical patients in Kyiv regional clinical hospital, ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
A.G. Salmanov ◽  
V.V. Potochilovа ◽  
K.L. Rudneva
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Clinical Hospital ◽  
Epidemiologic Surveillance ◽  
Microbiological Laboratory ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

Objective — to determine antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial strains Staphylococcus aureus isolates from surgery patients. Materials and methods. The clinical strains of S. aureus (574) isolated from surgical patients from January 2015 to December 2017 in Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital of the Ukraine have been studied. Clinical isolates were allocated and identified in Central microbiological laboratory in Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital. The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of the cultures were determined, using automated microbiology analyzer VITEK 2 Compact (bioMerieux, France). Susceptibility to antibiotics was determined using AST card (bioMerieux, France). Some antimicrobial susceptibility test used K-B (Kirby – Bauer antibiotic testing). Sensitivity of S. aureus strains has been studied up to 51 antibiotics: penicillum, ampicillin, amoxicillin, azlocillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, oxacillin, cefoperazone/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, piperacillin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefamandolum, cefotaximum, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, cefixime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, cefepim, imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramyinum, netilmicin, amikacinum, eritromicin, azithromycin, clindamycin, tetracyclin, doxycyclinum, vancomycin, teicoplaninum, ofloxacinum, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoinum, rifampicin, linezolidum, tigecycline, fosfomicin, acidum fusidicum, mupirocinum, trimethoprimum, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Interpretative criteria were those suggested by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Testing (EUCAST). Results and discussion. To S.aureus the drug sensitive rates of piperacillin/tazobactam and ertapenem were both 100 %, but most of the drug resistant rates were over 65—70 %. The highest activity to S. aureus had nitrofurantoinum, cefoxitin, linezolid, trimethoprimum, tigecycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The high rates of resistance were registered for cefpodoxime (91.7 %), ampicillin (85.0 %), ceftazidime (80.0 %), penicillin (75.0 %), cefixime (73.0 %), cefoperazone/sulbactam (71.5 %), and to azithromycin (69.5 %). The vancomycin — resistant S. aureus (VRSA) accounted for 21.1 % [95 % CI 19.4—22.8 %]. The frequency of isolation of MRSA among tested strains was 37.8 % [95 % CI 35.2—39.2 %] varying from 28.7 % to 44.8 % in different surgical departments in Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital. Conclusions. Antibiotic resistance to S. aureus in surgical hospitals, being a subject of the research is considered to be a serious therapeutic and epidemiologic problem. Taking into account the constant changes and significant differences of the S. aureus resistance levels observed in various regions, the constant monitoring of antibiotic resistance to antimicrobials in every in-patient medical institution is required and on the base of the local obtained results to elaborate the hospital record sheets. Antibiotics application tactics should be determined in accordance with the local data of resistance to them in each surgical in-patient institution. The system of epidemiologic surveillance over microbial resistance should be established on the local, regional, and national levels.

scholarly journals Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pathogens Associated with Periodontal Abscess

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 654
Author(s):  
Muhammad Irshad ◽  
Mohammad Khursheed Alam ◽  
Ahmad Alawneh ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Alhadi ◽  
Ahmed Abdullah Alhadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Prevotella Intermedia ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Clinical Measurements ◽  
Microbial Samples ◽  
Lower Incisors

Knowledge of microbial composition and antimicrobials’ susceptibility to periodontal abscesses is vital for their successful treatment. The current study aims to provide a thorough overview of the clinical and microbial features of periodontal abscesses of the local community. The study was carried out at Rehman College of Dentistry, Peshawar, Pakistan between December 2019 to March 2020. Clinical measurements and microbial samples were collected from 45 subjects. Microbial samples were anaerobically cultured for the growth of selected bacterial species. E-test was used to assess the susceptibility of bacterial species grown from the patient samples to amoxicillin, azithromycin, metronidazole, and tetracycline. The majority of affected patients had preexisting chronic periodontitis. All abscesses clinically demonstrated bleeding on probing and suppuration. The periodontal abscess was most commonly associated with lower incisors and canines, followed by lower molars and then upper incisor and canine teeth. Fusobacterium spp. (73%) was the most frequently detected species followed by Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens (65%), Porphyromonas gingivalis (46%) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (24%). The detected clinical isolates of certain bacteria demonstrated resistance to all tested antibiotics except azithromycin. We conclude that Fusobacterium spp., P. intermedia/nigrescens, P. gingivalis, C. rectus, T. forsythia and A. actinomycetemcomitans are closely associated with periodontal abscess. Bacterial species associated with periodontal abscess demonstrated some level of antimicrobial resistance to amoxicillin, metronidazole and tetracycline while antibiotic resistance to azithromycin could not be demonstrated.

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