scholarly journals Energy Expenditure of Incubating Leach's Storm-petrels in Artificial Nestboxes in the Wild

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Yasuaki NIIZUMA ◽  
Akinori TAKAHASHI ◽  
Yutaka WATANUKI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
In The Wild

scholarly journals Accelerometry predicts daily energy expenditure in a bird with high activity levels

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20120919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle H. Elliott ◽  
Maryline Le Vaillant ◽  
Akiko Kato ◽  
John R. Speakman ◽  
Yan Ropert-Coudert
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Uria Lomvia ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Parsimonious Model

Animal ecology is shaped by energy costs, yet it is difficult to measure fine-scale energy expenditure in the wild. Because metabolism is often closely correlated with mechanical work, accelerometers have the potential to provide detailed information on energy expenditure of wild animals over fine temporal scales. Nonetheless, accelerometry needs to be validated on wild animals, especially across different locomotory modes. We merged data collected on 20 thick-billed murres ( Uria lomvia ) from miniature accelerometers with measurements of daily energy expenditure over 24 h using doubly labelled water. Across three different locomotory modes (swimming, flying and movement on land), dynamic body acceleration was a good predictor of daily energy expenditure as measured independently by doubly labelled water ( R 2 = 0.73). The most parsimonious model suggested that different equations were needed to predict energy expenditure from accelerometry for flying than for surface swimming or activity on land ( R 2 = 0.81). Our results demonstrate that accelerometers can provide an accurate integrated measure of energy expenditure in wild animals using many different locomotory modes.

scholarly journals Effect of tag attachment on flight parameters and energetic cost across five raptor species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Longarini ◽  
Olivier Duriez ◽  
Emily Shepard ◽  
Kamran Safi ◽  
Martin Wikelski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Movement Ecology ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Vertical Speed ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Flight Parameters

Bio-logging devices play a fundamental and indispensable role in movement ecology studies, particularly in the wild. However, researchers are becoming increasingly aware of the potential effects that attaching devices can have on animals, particularly on their behaviour, energy expenditure and survival. The way a device is attached to an animal's body has also potential effects on the collected data, and quantifying the type and magnitude of potential bias is fundamental to enable researchers to combine and compare data from different studies. Since over two decades, large terrestrial birds have been in the focus of long-term movement ecology research, employing bio-logging devices attached with different types of harnesses. However, comparative studies investigating the effects of harness type on these species are scarce. In this study, we tested for potential differences in data collected by two commonly used harness types, backpack and leg-loop, on the flight performance of 10 individuals from five raptor species, equipped with high resolution bio-logging devices, in the same area and time. We explored the effect of harness type on vertical speed, horizontal speed, glide ratio, height above sea level, distance travelled, proportion of soaring and flapping behaviour, and VeDBA (a proxy for energy expenditure) between and within individuals, all used as fine-scale measures of flight performance. Birds equipped with leg-loops climbed up to 0.65 ms-1 faster, reached 19% greater heights while soaring and spent less time with active flight compared to birds equipped with backpacks, suggesting that backpack harnesses, compared to leg-loops, might cause additional drag that lowered the birds' flight performance. A lower rate of sinking while gliding, a slightly higher glide ratio, higher horizontal speed while soaring, and lower VeDBA, were also indicative of decreased drag using leg-loops. Our results, add to the pre-existing literature highlighting the design-related advantages of leg-loops, and they are in support of considering leg-loops as a better alternative to backpack harnesses for large soaring birds. Our study also highlights the importance of investigating how the methodology used to measure behavioural information affects the collected data to avoid systematic bias, which would invalidate data comparability and lead to misinterpreting the behaviour being measured.

scholarly journals Small actions, big costs: the behavioural energetics of a commercially important invertebrate

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (72) ◽  
pp. 1486-1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Robson ◽  
Laurent Chauvaud ◽  
Rory P. Wilson ◽  
Lewis G. Halsey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbance ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration ◽  
Farming Industry ◽  
Feeding Behaviours

Anthropogenic disturbance of farmed animals can be detrimental by adversely affecting behaviours and metabolic rate, potentially reducing their commercial value. However, relatively little is known about the normal behavioural time budgets and associated metabolism of many such species, particularly for example pectinid bivalves, which use anaerobic metabolism during periods of short-burst activity. In the present study, we used the accelerometry technique to measure scallop overall dynamic body acceleration in combination with respirometry in order to obtain and compare the behavioural time budgets and associated metabolism of 10 scallops, Pecten maximus , in an aquaculture hatchery and 10 in the wild. Scallops in the wild typically spent only 0.1 per cent of the time moving (less than 2 min d −1 ), yet, on average, the estimated metabolism of such movement represented 16.8 per cent of daily energy expenditure. Furthermore, owing to their reliance on anaerobic pathways during such activity, movement resulted in the wild scallops having a raised metabolic rate for, on average, an estimated 7.8 per cent of the time, during which oxygen debts accumulated during movement were paid off. Hatchery scallops also typically spent only 0.1 per cent of the time moving but estimated metabolism of such movement represented 41.8 per cent of daily energy expenditure. Estimated mean daily metabolism of scallops in the hatchery was significantly higher than scallops in the wild (169.1 versus 120.7 mg O 2 d −1 ) because anthropogenic disturbance in the hatchery caused energetically costly non-feeding behaviours. Consequently, hatchery scallops also spent a far greater amount of time with a raised metabolic rate (an estimated 26.6% of the time) than wild scallops. While short-term bursts of movement in pectinid bivalves may appear innocuous, they result in large expenditures of energy and an oxygen debt that is paid off over long periods of time that together limit further movement. These findings have implications for the farming industry; mitigating anthropogenic disturbances to farmed colonies may minimize non-feeding behaviours and hence maximize growth rates by reducing the costs of such movements and increasing the opportunity to feed.

scholarly journals Surfacers change their dive tactics depending on the aim of the dive: evidence from simultaneous measurements of breaths and energy expenditure

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1795) ◽  
pp. 20140040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junichi Okuyama ◽  
Runa Tabata ◽  
Kana Nakajima ◽  
Nobuaki Arai ◽  
Masato Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Chelonia Mydas ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Green Turtles ◽  
Simultaneous Measurements ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration

Air-breathing divers are assumed to have evolved to apportion their time between surface and underwater periods to maximize the benefit gained from diving activities. However, whether they change their time allocation depending on the aim of the dive is still unknown. This may be particularly crucial for ‘surfacers’ because they dive for various purposes in addition to foraging. In this study, we counted breath events at the surface and estimated oxygen consumption during resting, foraging and other dives in 11 green turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) in the wild. Breath events were counted by a head-mounted acceleration logger or direct observation based on an animal-borne video logger, and oxygen consumption was estimated by measuring overall dynamic body acceleration. Our results indicate that green turtles maximized their submerged time, following this with five to seven breaths to replenish oxygen for resting dives. However, they changed their dive tactic during foraging and other dives; they surfaced without depleting their estimated stores of oxygen, followed by only a few breaths for effective foraging and locomotion. These dichotomous surfacing tactics would be the result of behavioural modifications by turtles depending on the aim of each dive.

scholarly journals Avian circannual clocks: adaptive significance and possible involvement of energy turnover in their proximate control

2007 ◽  
Vol 363 (1490) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Wikelski ◽  
Lynn B Martin ◽  
Alex Scheuerlein ◽  
Maisha T Robinson ◽  
Nuriya D Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Energy Turnover ◽  
Timing Mechanisms ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Endogenous Regulation ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Tight Correlation

Endogenous circannual clocks are found in many long-lived organisms, but are best studied in mammal and bird species. Circannual clocks are synchronized with the environment by changes in photoperiod, light intensity and possibly temperature and seasonal rainfall patterns. Annual timing mechanisms are presumed to have important ultimate functions in seasonally regulating reproduction, moult, hibernation, migration, body weight and fat deposition/stores. Birds that live in habitats where environmental cues such as photoperiod are poor predictors of seasons (e.g. equatorial residents, migrants to equatorial/tropical latitudes) rely more on their endogenous clocks than birds living in environments that show a tight correlation between photoperiod and seasonal events. Such population-specific/interspecific variation in reliance on endogenous clocks may indicate that annual timing mechanisms are adaptive. However, despite the apparent adaptive importance of circannual clocks, (i) what specific adaptive value they have in the wild and (ii) how they function are still largely untested. Whereas circadian clocks are hypothesized to be generated by molecular feedback loops, it has been suggested that circannual clocks are either based upon (i) a de-multiplication (‘counting’) of circadian days, (ii) a sequence of interdependent physiological states, or (iii) one or more endogenous oscillators, similar to circadian rhythms. We tested the de-multiplication of days (i) versus endogenous regulation hypotheses (ii) and (iii) in captive male and female house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ). We assessed the period of reproductive (testicular and follicular) cycles in four groups of birds kept either under photoperiods of LD 12 L : 12 D (period length: 24 h), 13.5 L : 13.5 D (27 h), 10.5 L : 10.5 D (23 h) or 12 D : 8 L : 3 D : 1 L (24-h skeleton photoperiod), respectively, for 15 months. Contrary to predictions from the de-multiplication hypothesis, individuals experiencing 27-h days did not differ (i.e. did not have longer) annual reproductive rhythms than individuals from the 21- or 24-h day groups. However, in line with predictions from endogenous regulation, birds in the skeleton group had significantly longer circannual period lengths than all other groups. Birds exposed to skeleton photoperiods experienced fewer light hours per year than all other groups (3285 versus 4380) and had a lower daily energy expenditure, as tested during one point of the annual cycle using respirometry. Although our results are tantalizing, they are still preliminary as birds were only studied over a period of 15 months. Nevertheless, the present data fail to support a ‘counting of circadian days’ and instead support hypotheses proposing whole-organism processes as the mechanistic basis for circannual rhythms. We propose a novel energy turnover hypothesis which predicts a dependence of the speed of the circannual clock on the overall energy expenditure of an organism.

scholarly journals The dynamics of spawning acts by a semelparous fish and its associated energetic costs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric Tentelier ◽  
Colin Bouchard ◽  
Anaïs Bernardin ◽  
Amandine Tauzin ◽  
Jean-Christophe Aymes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
List Type ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Allis Shad ◽  
Alosa Alosa ◽  
Axial Acceleration ◽  
In The Wild

AbstractDuring the reproductive season, animals have to manage both their energetic budget and gamete stock. In particular, for semelparous capital breeders with determinate fecundity and no parental care other than gametic investment, the depletion of energetic stock must match the depletion of gametic stock, so that individuals get exhausted just after their last egg is laid and fertilized. Although these budgets are managed continuously, monitoring the dynamics of mating acts and energy expenditure at a fine temporal scale in the wild is challenging.This study aimed to quantify the individual dynamics of spawning acts and the concomitant energy expenditure of female Allis shad (Alosa alosa) throughout their mating season.Using eight individual-borne accelerometers for one month, we collected tri-axial acceleration, temperature, and pressure data that we analysed to i) detect the timing of spawning acts, ii) estimate energy expenditure from tail beat frequency and water temperature, and iii) monitor changes in body roundness from the position of the dorsally-mounted tag relative to the vertical plane.Female shad had a higher probability to spawn during warmer nights, and their spawning acts were synchronized (both individually and inter-individually) within each active night. They experienced warmer temperature, remained deeper, swan more slowly and spent less energy during daytime than night time. Over one month of spawning, they performed on average 15.75 spawning acts, spent on average 6 277 kJ and died with a significant portion of residual oocytes. The acceleration-based indicator of body roundness was correlated to condition coefficient measured at capture, and globally decreased through the spawning season, although the indicator was noisy and was not correlated to changes in estimated energy expenditure.Despite significant individual variability, our results indicate that female shad exhausted their energetic stock faster than their egg stock. Water warming will increase the rate of energy expenditure, which might increase the risk that shad die with a large stock of unspent eggs. Although perfectible, the three complementary analyses of acceleration data are promising for in situ monitoring of energy expenditure related to specific behaviour.

The energetic cost of copulation in a polygynandrous millipede

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (11) ◽  
pp. 1847-1849
Author(s):  
SR Telford ◽  
PI Webb
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Mating Patterns ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
In The Wild

We determined the energetic cost of copulation in both sexes of Alloporus uncinatus, a polygynandrous millipede in which copulation can last for several hours and involves physical restraint of the female by the male. We found an elevation in the rate of oxygen consumption by males and a depression in the rate of oxygen consumption by females during copulation. The rate of oxygen consumption of females, but not of males, was elevated immediately after copulation, indicating that females had built up and were repaying an oxygen debt. On this basis, we estimated energy expenditure during copulation to be 30 % above resting levels in males and 14 % above resting levels in females. As matings are frequent in this species in the wild throughout the 4 month breeding season, we suggest that the energetic demands of copulation are a previously overlooked potentially significant cost of reproduction in this species and in other invertebrate species with similar mating patterns.

scholarly journals Acceleration predicts energy expenditure in a fat, flightless, diving bird

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Hicks ◽  
Akiko Kato ◽  
Frederic Angelier ◽  
Danuta M. Wisniewska ◽  
Catherine Hambly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Combine Data ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Parsimonious Model ◽  
Diving Bird ◽  
Calibration Equations ◽  
Free Living Conditions ◽  
Calibration Coefficients

AbstractEnergy drives behaviour and life history decisions, yet it can be hard to measure at fine scales in free-moving animals. Accelerometry has proven a powerful tool to estimate energy expenditure, but requires calibration in the wild. This can be difficult in some environments, or for particular behaviours, and validations have produced equivocal results in some species, particularly air-breathing divers. It is, therefore, important to calibrate accelerometry across different behaviours to understand the most parsimonious way to estimate energy expenditure in free-living conditions. Here, we combine data from miniaturised acceleration loggers on 58 free-living Adélie penguins with doubly labelled water (DLW) measurements of their energy expenditure over several days. Across different behaviours, both in water and on land, dynamic body acceleration was a good predictor of independently measured DLW-derived energy expenditure (R2 = 0.72). The most parsimonious model suggested different calibration coefficients are required to predict behaviours on land versus foraging behaviour in water (R2 = 0.75). Our results show that accelerometry can be used to reliably estimate energy expenditure in penguins, and we provide calibration equations for estimating metabolic rate across several behaviours in the wild.

Freeze-substituted fungal cells of Nectria haematococca: A comparison of the macroconidial walls of the adhesion-competent wild type with an adhesion-reduced mutant

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 688-689
Author(s):  
Thecan Caesar-Ton That ◽  
Lynn Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Nectria Haematococca ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Dialysis Tubing ◽  
Tube Emergence ◽  
Contrast Microscopy ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Freeze Damage

Nectria haematococca mating population I (anamorph, Fusarium solani) macroconidia attach to its host (squash) and non-host surfaces prior to germ tube emergence. The macroconidia become adhesive after a brief period of protein synthesis. Recently, Hickman et al. (1989) isolated N. haematococca adhesion-reduced mutants. Using freeze substitution, we compared the development of the macroconidial wall in the wild type in comparison to one of the mutants, LEI.Macroconidia were harvested at 1C, washed by centrifugation, resuspended in a dilute zucchini fruit extract and incubated from 0 - 5 h. During the incubation period, wild type macroconidia attached to uncoated dialysis tubing. Mutant macroconidia did not attach and were collected on poly-L-lysine coated dialysis tubing just prior to freezing. Conidia on the tubing were frozen in liquid propane at 191 - 193C, substituted in acetone with 2% OsO4 and 0.05% uranyl acetate, washed with acetone, and flat-embedded in Epon-Araldite. Using phase contrast microscopy at 1000X, cells without freeze damage were selected, remounted, sectioned and post-stained sequentially with 1% Ba(MnO4)2 2% uranyl acetate and Reynold’s lead citrate. At least 30 cells/treatment were examined.

A compendium of G-protein–coupled receptors and cyclic nucleotide regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and energy expenditure

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan P. Ceddia ◽  
Sheila Collins
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Nucleotide Regulation ◽  
Ucp1 Expression ◽  
Thermogenic Adipocytes ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Abstract With the ever-increasing burden of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, it is generally acknowledged that there remains a need for developing new therapeutics. One potential mechanism to combat obesity is to raise energy expenditure via increasing the amount of uncoupled respiration from the mitochondria-rich brown and beige adipocytes. With the recent appreciation of thermogenic adipocytes in humans, much effort is being made to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate the browning of adipose tissue. In this review, we focus on the ligand–receptor signaling pathways that influence the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, in adipocytes. We chose to focus on G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR), guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase regulation of adipocytes because they are the targets of a large proportion of all currently available therapeutics. Furthermore, there is a large overlap in their signaling pathways, as signaling events that raise cAMP or cGMP generally increase adipocyte lipolysis and cause changes that are commonly referred to as browning: increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and respiration.

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