scholarly journals The Landscape of Differential Attainment in Medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Dominic

Differential attainment is the unexplained variation in results in assessment, training, and recruitment outcomes seen in candidates based on factors other than academic ability when compared to their peers. This is seen in both the medical school curriculum and in many professions beyond. It is an unfortunate fact that in spite of recognition and awareness at a systemic level, there is little if any resolution.  DA must be recognised as a systemic bias rather than an individual issue.  More research into the causes is required, as well as the implementation and evaluation of potential solutions. Interventions need to be made in the learning environment, culture, educational governance, leadership, support for educators, in the development of responsive curricula and fair assessments. In order to build a fairer training system, it is important that we review and act on existing inequality through organisational change.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Saidatul Akmar Ismail

<p>Information literacy (IL) is one of the 21st century survival skills. The concept of IL has spread widely, and IL programmes have appeared in many countries in formal settings such as schools and higher education institutions, workplaces, and community and continuing education programmes. Information literacy education (ILE) in Malaysia is officially integrated into the school curriculum. Though the Malaysian government claims that IL has been implemented in the country’s education system, anecdotal evidence suggests that the extent of ILE is uneven across schools.Thus, the goal of this qualitative study has been to identify the factors affecting the implementation of ILE in Malaysian primary schools and to explore how these factors are facilitating or hindering the process.  The first stage in the research was to develop a preliminary model based on three theories: Hall and Hord’s Concerns Based Adoption Model (CBAM), Chen’s Action Model and Fullan’s Theory of Educational Change. CBAM provided a guide to identify the stages of implementation and factors that could affect ILE implementation within schools. The other two theories were used to identify and understand potential factors internal and external to the school ecology. Also incorporated into the model were other factors identified from the literature, such as teachers’ lack of time and resources. The interpretive paradigm was chosen in order to produce deep insights into the research problem. To explore how ILE was being implemented and to identify factors that were facilitating or hindering its implementation, case studies were conducted involving four primary schools of different types in Malaysia. Documentary evidence was gathered and semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff in these schools and with key stakeholders in education administration.  Analysis of the transcripts of the interviews showed that the development and progress of ILE implementation is slower than might be expected. Hence, a range of factors hindering and facilitating ILE implementation have been identified. Most interviewees had positive attitudes towards ILE. They believed that ILE was important and had the potential to make teaching and learning activities more engaging and fun. The interviewees however also reported that there were problems in implementing ILE. These problems were associated with individual, organisational, social and cultural factors. It was also noted that there were different priorities accorded to ILE implementation in the case study schools. This was related to the different linguistic settings.  Findings from this study are significant to reorient the education and training system in the country so that students are able to develop the knowledge, skills and expertise essential to fully participate in today’s digital environment. Findings also provide insight into ILE implementation in different social and cultural contexts, so contribute new perspectives to existing, Western dominated theory.</p>


2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M Stange

This paper quantifies the option value arising from sequential schooling decisions made in the presence of uncertainty and learning about academic ability. College attendance has option value since enrolled students have the option, but not obligation, to continue in school after learning their aptitude and tastes. I estimate that option value accounts for 14 percent of the total value of the opportunity to attend college for the average high school graduate and is greatest for moderate-aptitude students. Students' ability to make decisions sequentially in response to new information increases welfare and also makes educational outcomes less polarized by background. (JEL D83, I23)


Author(s):  
Emma Rodero ◽  
Isabel Rodríguez-de-Dios

Writing and reading have long been considered to be the two most important skills that pupils must master perfectly. For this reason, written competence has been the protagonist in education, while oral communication via listening and speaking has traditionally remained in the background. However, most criticisms of this prevalence have not been based on empirical studies but on simple verifications that are old and have not been applied to Spain. Given the lack of data and the importance of oral communication nowadays, the aim of this study is to determine the current weight of oral skills in primary education. For this purpose, 433 teachers answered an online questionnaire to determine the importance of each skill, the work dedicated to each, the activities to develop them, and the students’ perceptions. The results indicated that, although most teachers believe that the way in which oral competencies are taught has changed, these skills should have still greater importance. In fact, they consider that the content included in the school curriculum is insufficient. Teachers claim to devote similar percentages of time to writing and speaking, but not so much to listening. In addition, they consider that students experience greater satisfaction when carrying out activities related to oral skills. In conclusion, although the results are positive and some progress is being made in developing oral communication, there is still room for improvement to achieve full equivalence with the written word. Resumen La escritura y la lectura se han concebido durante muchos años como los dos canales superiores de conocimiento que los alumnos deben dominar a la perfección. Por esta razón, la competencia escrita ha sido la protagonista en la educación, mientras la oralidad, la escucha y el habla, han quedado tradicionalmente en un segundo plano. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los autores que denuncian esta prevalencia de lo escrito no se han basado en estudios sino en simples constataciones, ya antiguas, que no se han aplicado a España. Ante la falta de datos y el reconocimiento de la importancia en nuestros días de la comunicación oral, esta investigación surge con el objetivo de determinar el actual peso que tienen las competencias orales en la educación primaria. Para ello, se realizó un cuestionario online a 433 docentes destinado a conocer la importancia de cada competencia, la frecuencia de trabajo de cada una, las actividades para desarrollarlas y la percepción de los alumnos. Los resultados indicaron que, aunque la mayoría del profesorado cree que la forma de enseñar competencias orales ha cambiado, deberían tener una mayor importancia. De hecho, consideran que los contenidos propuestos en el currículo escolar no son suficientes para trabajarlas. Los docentes afirman destinar un porcentaje similar a la escritura y al habla, pero no tanto a la escucha. Además, creen que los estudiantes experimentan una mayor satisfacción cuando realizan actividades relacionadas con la competencia oral. En conclusión, aunque los resultados son positivos y se está avanzando en el desarrollo del código oral, aún queda margen de mejora para lograr la plena equiparación con el escrito.


2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susannah Rix ◽  
Geoff Shepherd

Aims and MethodTo develop an evidence-based approach that supports the improvement of front-line delivery of adult acute in-patient services. Key factors of effective organisational change were identified from the literature. These were adopted as part of an ‘evidence-based service development’ programme. This approach was used by the Health Advisory Service in a project with an NHS Trust in south east England.ResultsSignificant progress was made in improving the quality of local acute in-patient services.Clinical ImplicationsFurther development and evaluation of this approach should be undertaken, since it seems to offer significant opportunities to deliver real improvements in the quality of services.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Saidatul Akmar Ismail

<p>Information literacy (IL) is one of the 21st century survival skills. The concept of IL has spread widely, and IL programmes have appeared in many countries in formal settings such as schools and higher education institutions, workplaces, and community and continuing education programmes. Information literacy education (ILE) in Malaysia is officially integrated into the school curriculum. Though the Malaysian government claims that IL has been implemented in the country’s education system, anecdotal evidence suggests that the extent of ILE is uneven across schools.Thus, the goal of this qualitative study has been to identify the factors affecting the implementation of ILE in Malaysian primary schools and to explore how these factors are facilitating or hindering the process.  The first stage in the research was to develop a preliminary model based on three theories: Hall and Hord’s Concerns Based Adoption Model (CBAM), Chen’s Action Model and Fullan’s Theory of Educational Change. CBAM provided a guide to identify the stages of implementation and factors that could affect ILE implementation within schools. The other two theories were used to identify and understand potential factors internal and external to the school ecology. Also incorporated into the model were other factors identified from the literature, such as teachers’ lack of time and resources. The interpretive paradigm was chosen in order to produce deep insights into the research problem. To explore how ILE was being implemented and to identify factors that were facilitating or hindering its implementation, case studies were conducted involving four primary schools of different types in Malaysia. Documentary evidence was gathered and semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff in these schools and with key stakeholders in education administration.  Analysis of the transcripts of the interviews showed that the development and progress of ILE implementation is slower than might be expected. Hence, a range of factors hindering and facilitating ILE implementation have been identified. Most interviewees had positive attitudes towards ILE. They believed that ILE was important and had the potential to make teaching and learning activities more engaging and fun. The interviewees however also reported that there were problems in implementing ILE. These problems were associated with individual, organisational, social and cultural factors. It was also noted that there were different priorities accorded to ILE implementation in the case study schools. This was related to the different linguistic settings.  Findings from this study are significant to reorient the education and training system in the country so that students are able to develop the knowledge, skills and expertise essential to fully participate in today’s digital environment. Findings also provide insight into ILE implementation in different social and cultural contexts, so contribute new perspectives to existing, Western dominated theory.</p>


2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (03) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Susannah Rix ◽  
Geoff Shepherd

Aims and Method To develop an evidence-based approach that supports the improvement of front-line delivery of adult acute in-patient services. Key factors of effective organisational change were identified from the literature. These were adopted as part of an ‘evidence-based service development’ programme. This approach was used by the Health Advisory Service in a project with an NHS Trust in south east England. Results Significant progress was made in improving the quality of local acute in-patient services. Clinical Implications Further development and evaluation of this approach should be undertaken, since it seems to offer significant opportunities to deliver real improvements in the quality of services.


2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-156
Author(s):  
Iskandar Iskandar ◽  
Trimurtiati Trimurtiati

This study aims to identify and describe the constraints faced by librarians of the Hasanuddin University Library when working from home (WFH) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is descriptive. Respondents of this study were librarians of the Hasanuddin University Library who carried out official duties in the field of librarianship at home including doing WFH during the COVID-19 pandemic, starting from the Procurement, Processing, Service, and Information and Technology units. There were two librarians representing each unit as informants, so that eight informants were obtained. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires and documentations. Data were analyzed using qualitative analysis. The results of the study illustrate that the constraints faced by librarians of the Hasanuddin University Library when WFH during the COVID-19 pandemic occurred when: the librarian's view of librarian duties was ineffective; the librarian's ability to work from home was not in accordance with the ability to work in an office; there is no motivation to work at home because the librarian work is supposed to be done offline; the need for facilities and infrastructure is inadequate;and there is no leadership support while working from home. In conclusion, the constraints faced by librarians of Hasanuddin University Library when WFH during the COVID-19 pandemic need to be followed up by providing solutions. The solutions can be made in accordance with the obstacles faced, for example the completeness of facilities and infrastructure and avoiding offline work.


1913 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Eugene R. Smith ◽  
Harry D. Gaylord ◽  
Maurice J. Babb ◽  
William E. Breckenridge ◽  
Charles R. Shultz

In the preparation of this paper I have followed certain suggestions on the study of Geometry contained in the Report of the Committee of Fifteen on a Geometry Syllabus. The introduction to this report gives an historical account of various attempts to reform the teaching of geometry. This section should prove, therefore, not only interesting but extremely valuable to students and teachers of mathematics. From it we gleam some very noteworthy facts in regard to the progress that has been made in the attempts to place the study of geometry on a sane and satisfactory footing in the school curriculum.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qurbanhajar Hajar ◽  
Budiono Budiono

Abstract: This study aims to determine (1) the implementation of policies for increasing professionalism of teachers in SMP Negeri 3 Hu'u, (2) the constraints of implementing policies for increasing professionalism of teachers in SMP Negeri 3 Hu'u, (3) efforts to overcome obstacles in implementing policies for increasing professionalism teacher at Hu'u Middle School 3. This research uses a qualitative approach. The data collection techniques of this study were interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that (1) the implementation of the policy of increasing teacher professionalism in SMP Negeri 3 Hu'u has not been carried out to the maximum. The implementation is carried out through MGMP, PKB, Diklat, school curriculum development. Lack of opportunities to develop the profession on an ongoing basis because teachers are stuck in a routine. Teachers are also less motivated to develop professionally and personally motivated to develop their profession. (2) Constraints faced are lack of teacher sensitivity towards their profession, school policies for GTTs that do not yet have NUPTK are still not optimal, teachers delay time in various teacher development activities. (3) Efforts made in overcoming obstacles are the existence of teacher development training conducted by colleagues at the School; district-level training, workshops, teacher tutoring group learning; teacher discipline, and student discipline which must be followed by all teachers and students who are in the Hu'u 3 Public Middle School.Keywords: Policy, Professionalism, TeacherAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) implementasi kebijakan peningkatan profesionalisme guru di SMP Negeri 3 Hu’u, (2) kendala implementasi kebijakan peningkatan profesionalisme guru di SMP Negeri 3 Hu’u, (3) upaya mengatasi kendala implementasi kebijakan peningkatan profesionalisme guru di SMP Negeri 3 Hu’u. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian ini yaitu wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) implementasi kebijakan peningkatan profesionalisme guru di SMP Negeri 3 Hu’u belum dilaksanan dengan maksimal. Pelaksanaannya dilakukan melalui MGMP, PKB, Diklat, pengembangan kurikulum sekolah. Kurangnya kesempatan untuk mengembangkan profesi secara berkelanjutan karena guru terjebak pada rutinitas. Guru juga kurang termotivasi untuk melakukan pengembangan profesionalisme dan tergerak secara pribadi untuk mengembangkan profesinya. (2) Kendala yang dihadapi yaitu kurang adanya kepekaan guru terhadap profesinya, kebijakan sekolah untuk para GTT yang belum memiliki NUPTK masih belum maksimal, guru mengundur waktu dalam berbagai kegiatan pengembangan guru. (3) Upaya yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala yaitu adanya pelatihan pengembangan guru yang dilakukan perpekan di Sekolah tersebut; pelatihan pada tingkat Kabupaten, workshop, belajar kelompok bimbingan guru; tata tertib guru serta tata tertib siswa yang harus diikuti oleh seluruh guru dan peserta didik yang berada di Sekolah SMP Negeri 3 Hu’u.Kata Kunci: Kebijakan, Profesionalisme, Guru


2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Lawn

Organisational change aimed at service improvement continues to be a challenging process for many health services, managers and teams. Current imperatives to develop service models responsive to the growing demands of chronic conditions on health systems suggest that reflection on core change principles is warranted. Dominant themes for progress in embedding chronic condition self-management (CCSM) support into practice settings arose from content analyses of case studies from health professionals who have attempted to implement CCSM support into their health services after undertaking specific training (The Flinders Program of CCSM). This included in-depth interviews with 10 trainers accredited to deliver training in this CCSM care planning approach to the workforce, formal reflections from 47 postgraduate students (currently in the health workforce) enrolled in a dedicated CCSM program at Flinders University and a consensus forum with accredited trainers. Emergent themes were then considered in the context of existing organisational change and CCSM literature. Long understood principles of effective change management continue to be important, including leadership support, clear vision, team cohesion, effective people management and shared values. However, interdependence of these and other factors seems to be most important. Organisational change that builds capacity for CCSM support is possible, given a clearer understanding of where efforts will have the most positive impact on change.


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