scholarly journals CRANIAL BASE SYMMETRIC AND NORMAL LOWER JAW ROTATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-237
Author(s):  
Mohamed Khwanda ◽  
◽  
Yazan Jahjah ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Base ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Normal Type ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Angular Measurements ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain

Understanding the complexities of cranial base development, function, and architecture is important for testing hypotheses about many aspects of craniofacial variation and evolution. Architecturally, the cranial base provides the platform upon which the brain grows and around which the face grows. In addition, the cranial base connects the cranium with the rest of the body: it articulates with the vertebral column and the mandible, provides conduits for all the vital neural and circulatory connections between the brain, the face and the neck, houses and connects the sense organs in the skull, and forms the roof of the nasopharynx. The shape of the cranial base is therefore a multifactorial product of numerous phylogenetic, developmental, and functional interactions. Aim. The aim of this research is to perform a morphometric analysis of the skull base to investigate the symmetry between the two hemibases of the cranial fossa with each other in adult patients with normal type of lower jaw rotation using cone beam copmuted tomography CBCT in transversal plane. Materials and methods. In result of radiographic study, 35 Caucasian adult patients with no prior orthodontics treatment were selected (16 males, 19 females) from 16 to 27 years (mean age of 20.02 years: females average age was 20.15 years; males average age was 21.84 years) of age with normal type of lower jaw rotation according to the sum of Björk. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient was calculated to investigate the symmetry between the two hemibases of the cranial fossa with each other. Results. A difference was found amongst the two genders of the sample subjects in the strength of the correlation between the CBCT angular measurements evaluating the two hemibases of the cranial base symmetry. Conclusion. A difference was found amongst the two genders. This study found no exact symmetry between the samples, but it was in high level for adult females.

Independence of brain and tympanic temperatures in an unanesthetized human

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 482-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Shiraki ◽  
S. Sagawa ◽  
F. Tajima ◽  
A. Yokota ◽  
M. Hashimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
The Face ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Term Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Temperature

Temperature within the brain and the esophagus and at the tympanum were obtained in a 12-yr-old male in a series of experiments that began 8 days after surgery for implantation of a drainage catheter. Fanning the face did reduce tympanic temperature but not temperature in the brain; brain temperatures followed esophageal temperatures. In long-term monitoring, temperature in the lateral ventricle was 0.5 degree C above esophageal temperature and 0.2 degree C below that in white matter 1 cm above, with the offsets fixed throughout the overnight cycle. All temperatures went through similar excursions when the face was excluded from fanning applied to the body. These observations highlight the fact that in humans the defense against hyperthermia takes advantage of cooling distributed over the entire skin surface.

scholarly journals Constitutional Features of the Maxillofacial Area of Omsk Young Men

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
I. N. Putalova ◽  
D. A. Devyatirikov ◽  
A. P. Suslo ◽  
A. A. Slavnov ◽  
A. E. Korepova
Keyword(s):  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Young Men ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Incisor ◽  
Lateral Projection ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
The Face ◽  
Upper Jaw ◽  
Base Of The Skull ◽  
Frankfurt Horizontal

The aim was to determine the morphometric parameters of the maxillofacial area of Omsk young men of 18-20 years of age according to the teleroentgenography of the head (in a lateral projection), taking into account the indicators of cephalometry and anthropometry, to identify regional constitutional features of quantitative values.Material and methods. A cephalometric and somatometric examination of 26 Omsk Slavic young men of 18-20 years of age without concomitant pathology was performed, supplemented by an X-ray examination of the head (to obtain teleroentgenograms in a lateral projection). The analysis of teleroentgenograms was carried out in the online service Mave Cloud.Results. According to the results of anthropometry, the longitudinal and transverse dimensions of the young men's heads, the zygomatic diameter and the full height of the face were assessed; the indicators of body growth, body weight, chest circumference and transverse chest diameter were determined. These indicators were used to calculate the indices. The value of the facial index was 81.86 (79.31; 88.88), the value of the head index was 76.65 (74.27; 79.47), the Rees-Eisenck index corresponded to 97.58 (94.62; 107.48), the Rohrer index was 13.34 (12.07; 15.48), the Pinier index was 11.1 (-10; 22), the Quetelet II index was 23.33 (22.03; 27.71). When analyzing teleroentgenograms, it was revealed that the values of some parameters in Omsk young men of 18-20 years of age differ from the values of the «norm». Thus, the indicators of the lower jaw length (Go-Gn), the ratio of the body of the lower jaw length to the length of the anterior base of the skull (Go-Me/S-N), the length of the posterior base of the skull (S-Ar), the height of the branch of the lower jaw (Ar-Go), the ratio of the heights of the face (S-Go/N-Me), the angle between the axis of the lower incisor and the plane of the lower jaw (IM IMPA) have greater values than the «norm»; and the figures of the angles sum according to Bjork (∠SUM Bjork), mandibular angle (∠Ar-Go-Me), maxillary angle (∠N-Go-Ar), upper jaw inclination angle (∠NSL-NL), lower jaw inclination angle (∠NSL-ML), intermaxillary angle (∠NL-ML), the angle between the lower jaw plane and the Frankfurt horizontal (∠FMA), have values less than the «norm». The values of the saddle angle (∠N-S-Ar) differed in young men with euryprosopic and leptoprosopic facial forms. The quantitative values of the lower jaw angle (ArGo-Me) and the upper jaw angle (N-Go-Ar) differed only in the representatives of the dolichocephalic and mesocephalic forms of the head.Conclusion. Quantitative values of cephalometric and somatometric parameters in Omsk young men of 18-20 years of age have distinctive features. Individual parameters of the maxillofacial area (according to teleroentgenograms) differ in persons with dolichocephalic and mesocephalic forms of the head and in the representatives of euryprosopic and leptoprosopic forms of the face.

Pneumocephalus with meningitis secondary to an old traumatic anterior cranial fossa defect

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. e242855
Author(s):  
Freston Marc Sirur ◽  
Akash Daswaney ◽  
Roshini Raghu ◽  
Mohammad Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Altered Mental Status ◽  
Anterior Cranial Fossa ◽  
Bony Defect ◽  
The Face ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
Skull Base Defect ◽  
The Brain

We report a case of a 30-year-old man who presented with altered mental status, fever, headache and vomiting for 3 days. An initial CT scan of the brain revealed the presence of pneumocephalus with a bony defect in the anterior cranial fossa. The pneumocephalus was not explained initially and the patient was re-examined for any signs of trauma to the face, and a review of the history revealed a series of three traumatic events months prior to this illness. Further laboratory studies revealed Streptococcus pneumoniae in the blood and bacterial meningitis. He was treated with antibiotics and was later taken up for endoscopic repair of the skull base defect. This case highlights the importance of recognising post-traumatic pneumocephalus with superimposed meningitis and sepsis months after a traumatic event to the skull base.

Fluoxetine treatment of rat neonates significantly reduces oxidative stress in the hippocampus and in behavioral indicators of anxiety later in postnatal life

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Isabel da Silva ◽  
Ligia Cristina Monteiro Galindo ◽  
Luciana Nascimento ◽  
Cristiane Moura Freitas ◽  
Raul Manhaes-de-Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Behavioral Indicators ◽  
The Face ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Stress Damage ◽  
The Brain

The brain, more than any other organ in the body, is vulnerable to oxidative stress damage, owing to its requirement for high levels of oxygenation. This is needed to fulfill its metabolic needs in the face of relatively low levels of protective antioxidants. Recent studies have suggested that oxidative stress is directly involved in the etiology of both eating and anxiety behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fluoxetine-inhibited serotonin reuptake in nursing rat neonates on behavior and on oxidative stress in the hypothalamus and the hippocampus; brain areas responsible for behavior related to food and anxiety, respectively. The results show that increased serotonin levels during a critical period of development do not induce significant differences in food-related behavior (intake and satiety), but do result in a in a significant decrease in anxiety. Measurements of oxidative stress showed a significant reduction of lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus (57%). In the hypothalamus, antioxidant enzymes were unchanged, but in the hippocampus, the activity of catalase and glutathione-S-transferase was increased (80% and 85% respectively). This suggests that protecting neural cells from oxidative stress during brain development contributes to the anxiolytic effects of serotonin.

scholarly journals Anatomy of Cerebellum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajasekhar Sajja Srinivasa Siva Naga
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Brain ◽  
Motor Activities ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
Cerebellar Lesions ◽  
Balance Complex ◽  
The Brain

The cerebellum receives inputs from spinal cord, cerebrum, brainstem, and sensory systems of the body and controls the motor system of the body. The Cerebellum harmonizes the voluntary motor activities such as maintenance of posture and equilibrium, and coordination of voluntary muscular activity including learning of the motor behaviours. Cerebellum occupies posterior cranial fossa, and it is relatively a small part of the brain. It weighs about one tenth of the total brain. Cerebellar lesions do not cause motor or cognitive impairment. However, they cause slowing of movements, tremors, lack of equilibrium/balance. Complex motor action becomes shaky and faltering.

scholarly journals Mindfulness, Interoception, and Olfaction: A Network Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 921
Author(s):  
Barbara Lefranc ◽  
Charles Martin-Krumm ◽  
Charlotte Aufauvre-Poupon ◽  
Benoit Berthail ◽  
Marion Trousselard
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Network Approach ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
Adaptive Ability ◽  
High Level ◽  
Interoceptive Cues ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Brain

The fine-tuned interplay between the brain and the body underlies the adaptive ability to respond appropriately in the changing environment. Mindfulness Disposition (MD) has been associated with efficient emotional functioning because of a better ability to feel engaged by information from the body and to notice subtle changes. This interoceptive ability is considered to shape the ability to respond to external stimuli, especially olfaction. However, few studies have evaluated the relationships between interoception and exteroception according to MD. We conducted an exploratory study among 76 healthy subjects for first investigating whether MD is associated with better exteroception and second for describing the causal interactions network between mindfulness, interoception, emotion, and subjective and objective olfaction assessments. Results found that a high level of MD defined by clustering exhibited best scores in positive emotions, interoception, and extra sensors’ acuity. The causal network approach showed that the interactions between the interoception subscales differed according to the MD profiles. Moreover, interoception awareness is strongly connected with both the MD and the hedonic value of odors. Then, differences according to MD might provide arguments for a more mindful attention style toward interoceptive cues in relation to available exteroceptive information. This interaction might underlie positive health.

Alteration in Facial Shape in the Anencephalic Human Foetus

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Trenouth
Keyword(s):  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Cranial Base ◽  
Human Foetus ◽  
Facial Shape ◽  
Left Mandible ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Tracings were produced from frontal radiographs of 11 anencephalic foetuses. These were compared analytically with standards derived from 60 normal foetuses. The anencephalics showed a marked reduction in the relative size of the cranium with considerable flattening of the calvarium, which is characteristic of the condition. The orbits were more medially placed, being closer together and somewhat higher in position than the normal foetal outline. The right and left mandible were more elongated with an increase in the intermaxillary space. The condyles were more medially positioned and were closer to the orbits than in the normal outlines. In normal growth, expansion of the brain flattens the cranial base, displacing the nasomaxillary segment forwards In anencephally this does not happen so that the nasomaxillary segment rotates in an antero-inferior postero-superior direction along with the intermaxillary space and mandible. This produces a significant lengthening of the face accompanied by narrowing in the region of the cranial base relative to the normal outline.

scholarly journals Non-contact measurement of emotional and physiological changes in heart rate from a webcam

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Madan ◽  
Tyler Harrison ◽  
Kyle E. Mathewson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Level ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg

AbstractHeart rate, measured in beats per minute (BPM), can be used as an index of an individual’s physiological state. Each time the heart beats, blood is expelled and travels through the body. This blood flow can be detected in the face using a standard webcam that is able to pick up subtle changes in color that cannot be seen by the naked eye. Due to the light absorption spectrum of blood, we are able to detect differences in the amount of light absorbed by the blood traveling just below the skin (i.e., photoplethysmography). By modulating emotional and physiological stress—i.e., viewing arousing images and sitting vs. standing, respectively—to elicit changes in heart rate, we explored the feasibility of using a webcam as a psychophysiological measurement of autonomic activity. We found a high level of agreement between established physiological measures, electrocardiogram (ECG), and blood pulse oximetry, and heart rate estimates obtained from the webcam. We thus suggest webcams can be used as a non-invasive and readily available method for measuring psychophysiological changes, easily integrated into existing stimulus presentation software and hardware setups.

scholarly journals Reduced Cerebral Fluoro-l-Dopamine Uptake in Adult Patients Suffering from Phenylketonuria

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 824-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Landvogt ◽  
Eugen Mengel ◽  
Peter Bartenstein ◽  
Hans Georg Buchholz ◽  
Mathias Schreckenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Decarboxylase Activity ◽  
Large Neutral Amino Acid ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
The Brain

Deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in phenylketonuria (PKU) causes an excess of phenylalanine (Phe) throughout the body, predicting impaired synthesis of catecholamines in the brain. To test this hypothesis, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure the utilization of 6-[18F]fluoro-l-dopamine (FDOPA) in the brain of adult patients suffering from PKU and in healthy controls. Dynamic 2-h long FDOPA emission recordings were obtained in seven adult PKU patients (five females, two males; age: 21 to 27 years) with elevated serum Phe levels, but lacking neurologic deficits. Seven age-matched, healthy volunteers were imaged under identical conditions. The utilization of FDOPA in striatum was calculated by linear graphical analysis ( k3S, min−1), with cerebellum serving as a nonbinding reference region. The time to peak activity in all brain time—radioactivity curves was substantially delayed in the PKU patients relative to the control group. The mean magnitude of k3S in the striatum of the PKU patients (0.0052±0.0004 min−1) was significantly lower than in the control group (0.0088±0.0009 min−1) ( P<0.001). There was no significant correlation between individual serum Phe levels and k3S. The unidirectional clearance of FDOPA to brain was impaired in adult patients suffering from PKU, presumably reflecting the competitive inhibition of the large neutral amino acid carrier by Phe. Assuming this competition to be spatially uniform, the relationship between striatum and cerebellum time—activity curves additionally suggests inhibition of DOPA efflux, possibly also due to competition from Phe. The linear graphical analysis shows reduced k3S in striatum, indicating reduced DOPA decarboxylase activity.

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